Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

T/F: Creative people develop and endorse ideas that are fashionable or regarded as wrong.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

For most children, ________ is(are) reasonable predictors of school performance.

A

IQ scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: Traditional IQ tests, which use cross-sectional experimental methods, take cohort effects into account.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If a person has significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, this person is said to ______.

A

have an intellectual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F: Older people are less likely than younger people to score well on traditional intelligence tests.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, this is known as _________.

A

mild intellectual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

One reason why brain functioning begins to change in middle adulthood is that _________.

A

Correct researchers have found that 20 genes that are vital to learning, memory, and mental flexibility begin to function less efficiently as early as age 40.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?

A

intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Examples of mental skills from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development include turning the pages of a book, imitating a crayon stroke, and identifying gender.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: Schaie’s perspective on cognitive development supports the notion that cognitive change stops at adolescence.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: The real threat to older people’s cognitive functioning lies in a decline in their opportunities and motivation for cognitive challenges as they age.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: Based upon longitudinal studies, a different developmental pattern for intelligence was revealed that showed adults’ intelligence significantly slowed around their mid-30s.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The book The Bell Curve argues that the average 15-point difference between Caucasian Americans’ and African Americans’ IQ is primarily due to ______.

A

heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated what type of test?

A

Correct measures infant development to distinguish between normal and atypical development in babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score?

A

Correct Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition (WISC IV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The dysfunction of ______________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of the mind as well as autism.

A

mirror neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Maria is 29 years old. Friends describe her as unselfish, and she sacrifices her own needs for the needs of others. Maria is entering Erikson’s ______________ stage of psychosocial development.

A

intimacy-versus-isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the term for the psychological problem that arises when the development of attachment has been severely disrupted, and is characterized by extreme problems in forming attachments to others?

A

reactive attachment disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?

A

easy babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F: According to Erikson, those who experience difficulties in the intimacy-versus-isolation stage may be inferior.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the ________.

A

initiative-versus-guilt stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At approximately what age is an infant able to discriminate among different emotional facial expressions and respond?

A

after 6 to 8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/F: Mary Ainsworth devised the “Strange Situation” that contains a 4-stage sequence of interactions.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: Temperament refers to what children do and why they do it.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

9-month-old Baby Luke and 10-month-old Baby Simone are sitting in the play area together at the day-care center. They smile at each other and present and accept toys from each other. This behavior is _________.

A

infant sociability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The propensity of 10-month-old Russell to tug at the Velcro straps on his hat, remove his hat, and get the other children at the day-care center to repeat the same actions themselves is an example of a(n) _________.

A

“expert” baby who is able to teach skills and information to other infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development considers ___________________.

A

Correct how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’, and their own, behavior(s).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child’s emotional states match, this is called

A

interactional synchrony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T/F: Increased reading ability is involved in the emergence of the theory of mind

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Erik Erikson characterized midlife as a period of ________.

A

generavity-versus-stagnation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T/F: Most legal and illegal immigrants become financially successful in the U.S. because they are highly motivated.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Robbie is a 4-year-old boy in the U.S. who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known. Sean is a 4-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with a(n) _________, and Sean is growing up with _______.

A

individualistic orientation; a collectivistic orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T/F: Older adults may choose to work because age discrimination is no longer a problem

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

During middle childhood years, it appears that children in immigrant families

A

often do quite well in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, and physically strong, but have mediocre social skills are best described as ______.

A

realistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T/F: Professor Tsang is a leading expert on immigrants coming to America and entering the work force. She has been asked to provide a discussion on this issue. “Immigrants lack the skills necessary to allow them to make contributions to the economy” would be part of the discussion

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the term for the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people?

A

race dissonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What 1970s legislation was passed that significantly affects the elderly?

A

mandatory retirement in almost every profession was made illegal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What was a conclusion developed by John Holland in his personality type theory?

A

certain personality types match well with certain careers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When an adolescent provides another adolescent with opportunities to compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, and physical changes, this is called _________.

A

social comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that since he’s going to do badly anyway, he should not bother preparing. This is an indication of Harry’s ________.

A

self-esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The philosophy of ______________ emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

A

individualistic orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

According to James Marcia, which of the following four categories of identity development leads to “rigid strength,” authoritarian behavior, and a high need for social approval?

A

identity foreclosure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

T/F: According to psychologist George Vaillant’s longitudinal research study of male Harvard graduates, when a man is in his late 20s and early 30s, he remains under the influence of his parents.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who prefer highly structured tasks are described as _______.

A

conventional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the term that refers to the changes in people’s sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues?

A

moral development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects concrete interests of the individual considered in terms of rewards and punishments?

A

preconventional morality

48
Q

The theory that abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults is called

A

cycle of violence hypothesis

49
Q

What is the term for the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity?

A

emotional self regulation

50
Q

What is the term for aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal?

A

instrumental aggression

51
Q

T/F: Help solving problems that otherwise seem impossible to resolve is a reason for embracing religion and spirituality in young adulthood.

A

False

52
Q

Clarice is a 5-year-old who is watching a movie and eating popcorn with her 3-year-old brother. Clarice’s brother finishes his popcorn long before Clarice, so she offers her brother some of her popcorn. Clarice’s mother praises her as a “good girl” for sharing. This is an example of _______.

A

prosocial behavior of the social learning theory

53
Q

Kohlberg proposes that moral development occurs in a fixed order, and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to _______.

A

adolescence; lack of cognitive development

54
Q

T/F: According to this psychologist, girls view morality in terms of broad principles of justice/fairness.

A

False

55
Q

Which psychologist contends that people pass through a series of stages as their sense of justice evolves and in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments?

A

Kohlberg

56
Q

A seventh-grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam, but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and will fail the course. This student is demonstrating _________.

A

preconventional morality

57
Q

T/F: Children’s television programs contain less violence than found in other types of TV programs.

A

False

58
Q

According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects a person’s use of moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?

A

postconventional morality

59
Q

What percentage of women physically abuse their husbands?

A

8%

60
Q

T/F: When discussing marital aggression, the fight-or-flight stage is one that couples go through.

A

False

61
Q

What is the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?

A

intelligence

62
Q

Define intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

a score that takes into account a student’s mental and chronological age

63
Q

A test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested

A

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5)

64
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV)

A

A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score

65
Q

A test for adults that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score.

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS-IV)

66
Q

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)

A

A children’s intelligence test permitting unusual flexibility in its administration

67
Q

A quality of tests that measure consistently what they are trying to measure

A

reliability

68
Q

Validity

A

A quality of tests that actually measure what they are supposed to measure

69
Q

Difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities

A

learning disabilities

70
Q

fluid intelligence

A

intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory

71
Q

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

A

attachment

72
Q

Ainsworth Strange Situation

A

a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother

73
Q

A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset

A

secure attachment pattern

74
Q

Avoidant Attachment Pattern

A

a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns

75
Q

A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers

A

Ambivalent Attachment Pattern

76
Q

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment Pattern

A

a style of attachment in which the child shows inconsistent, often contradictory behavior

77
Q

the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person

A

stranger anxiety

78
Q

separation anxiety

A

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

79
Q

the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help make sense of uncertain circumstances and events

A

social referencing

80
Q

Emotional-Self Regulation

A

the capability to adjust one’s emotions to a desired state and level of intensity

81
Q

knowledge of oneself

A

self-awareness

82
Q

self-concept

A

a person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual

83
Q

collectivistic orientation

A

a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence

84
Q

a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual

A

individualistic orientation

85
Q

identity achievement

A

the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternativies

86
Q

the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves

A

moratorium

87
Q

identity diffusion

A

the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way

88
Q

the culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers.

A

social clock

89
Q

career consolidation

A

a stage that is entered between the ages of 20 and 40 when young adults become centered on their careers

90
Q

groups of people with whom one compares oneself

A

reference groups

91
Q

abstract modeling

A

the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles

92
Q

the understanding of what another individual feels

A

empathy

93
Q

conventional morality

A

Kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning in which people approach moral problems as members of society

94
Q

The concept that moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgements are being made at a given time

A

social domain approach

95
Q

authoritarian parents

A

parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law; value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement

96
Q

parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children

A

permissive parents

97
Q

authoritative parents

A

parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent boundaries, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way

98
Q

parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior

A

uninvolved parents

99
Q

values

A

the qualities people see as most desirable and important, affecting people’s thinking and behavior

100
Q

intentional injury or harm to another person

A

aggression

101
Q

Theorist who proposed morality develops in a three-level sequence which has six substages

A

Kohlberg

102
Q

Theorist who proposed a three stage process of moral development in females

A

Gilligan

103
Q

Theorist who proposed major parenting styles

A

Baumrind

104
Q

Theorist who proposed stages of spirituality extend throughout the lifetime

A

Fowler

105
Q

Theorist who conducted study indicating children imitate adult aggressive behavior

A

Bandura

106
Q

Theorist who proposed four categories of identity

A

Marcia

107
Q

Theorist who suggests that people choose from several social clocks, and the selection they make has implications for personality development during middle adulthood

A

Helson

108
Q

Theorist who called the stage of development that young adults reach career consolidation

A

Vaillant

109
Q

Theorist who developed the “Career Choice Theory” (people move through a series of stages in choosing a career)

A

Ginzberg

110
Q

Hollands 6 personality types important for career choice

A

(1) realistic; (2) intellectual; (3) social; (4) conventional; (5) enterprising; (6) artistic

111
Q

According to Bowlby, what is attachment primarily based on

A

infant’s needs for safety and security (their genetically determined motivation to avoid predators)

112
Q

What are the three major approaches providing explanations for involvement in late adulthood?

A

(1) disengagement theory: gradual retreat; (2) activity theory: continued involvement; (3) community theory: compromise position

113
Q

Who developed the theory of psychosocial development

A

Erikson

114
Q

Theorists who categorized temperament of babies

A

Chess and Thomas

115
Q

What are the three temperaments of babies

A

easy babies, difficult babies, slow to warm babies

116
Q

Who developed the idea that people enter late adulthood by passing through a transition stage that typically occurs around 60 to 65

A

Levinson

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions