Test 3 Flashcards
T/F: Creative people develop and endorse ideas that are fashionable or regarded as wrong.
False
For most children, ________ is(are) reasonable predictors of school performance.
IQ scores
T/F: Traditional IQ tests, which use cross-sectional experimental methods, take cohort effects into account.
False
If a person has significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, this person is said to ______.
have an intellectual disability
T/F: Older people are less likely than younger people to score well on traditional intelligence tests.
True
If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, this is known as _________.
mild intellectual disability
One reason why brain functioning begins to change in middle adulthood is that _________.
Correct researchers have found that 20 genes that are vital to learning, memory, and mental flexibility begin to function less efficiently as early as age 40.
What is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?
intelligence
T/F: Examples of mental skills from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development include turning the pages of a book, imitating a crayon stroke, and identifying gender.
True
T/F: Schaie’s perspective on cognitive development supports the notion that cognitive change stops at adolescence.
False
T/F: The real threat to older people’s cognitive functioning lies in a decline in their opportunities and motivation for cognitive challenges as they age.
True
T/F: Based upon longitudinal studies, a different developmental pattern for intelligence was revealed that showed adults’ intelligence significantly slowed around their mid-30s.
False
The book The Bell Curve argues that the average 15-point difference between Caucasian Americans’ and African Americans’ IQ is primarily due to ______.
heredity
Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated what type of test?
Correct measures infant development to distinguish between normal and atypical development in babies
What is the name of the test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score?
Correct Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition (WISC IV)
The dysfunction of ______________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of the mind as well as autism.
mirror neurons
Maria is 29 years old. Friends describe her as unselfish, and she sacrifices her own needs for the needs of others. Maria is entering Erikson’s ______________ stage of psychosocial development.
intimacy-versus-isolation
What is the term for the psychological problem that arises when the development of attachment has been severely disrupted, and is characterized by extreme problems in forming attachments to others?
reactive attachment disorder
What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?
easy babies
T/F: According to Erikson, those who experience difficulties in the intimacy-versus-isolation stage may be inferior.
False
The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the ________.
initiative-versus-guilt stage
At approximately what age is an infant able to discriminate among different emotional facial expressions and respond?
after 6 to 8 weeks
T/F: Mary Ainsworth devised the “Strange Situation” that contains a 4-stage sequence of interactions.
False
T/F: Temperament refers to what children do and why they do it.
False
9-month-old Baby Luke and 10-month-old Baby Simone are sitting in the play area together at the day-care center. They smile at each other and present and accept toys from each other. This behavior is _________.
infant sociability
The propensity of 10-month-old Russell to tug at the Velcro straps on his hat, remove his hat, and get the other children at the day-care center to repeat the same actions themselves is an example of a(n) _________.
“expert” baby who is able to teach skills and information to other infants
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development considers ___________________.
Correct how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’, and their own, behavior(s).
When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child’s emotional states match, this is called
interactional synchrony
T/F: Increased reading ability is involved in the emergence of the theory of mind
False
Erik Erikson characterized midlife as a period of ________.
generavity-versus-stagnation
T/F: Most legal and illegal immigrants become financially successful in the U.S. because they are highly motivated.
True
Robbie is a 4-year-old boy in the U.S. who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known. Sean is a 4-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with a(n) _________, and Sean is growing up with _______.
individualistic orientation; a collectivistic orientation
T/F: Older adults may choose to work because age discrimination is no longer a problem
False
During middle childhood years, it appears that children in immigrant families
often do quite well in the US
According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, and physically strong, but have mediocre social skills are best described as ______.
realistic
T/F: Professor Tsang is a leading expert on immigrants coming to America and entering the work force. She has been asked to provide a discussion on this issue. “Immigrants lack the skills necessary to allow them to make contributions to the economy” would be part of the discussion
False
What is the term for the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people?
race dissonance
What 1970s legislation was passed that significantly affects the elderly?
mandatory retirement in almost every profession was made illegal
What was a conclusion developed by John Holland in his personality type theory?
certain personality types match well with certain careers
When an adolescent provides another adolescent with opportunities to compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, and physical changes, this is called _________.
social comparison
Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that since he’s going to do badly anyway, he should not bother preparing. This is an indication of Harry’s ________.
self-esteem
The philosophy of ______________ emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.
individualistic orientation
According to James Marcia, which of the following four categories of identity development leads to “rigid strength,” authoritarian behavior, and a high need for social approval?
identity foreclosure
T/F: According to psychologist George Vaillant’s longitudinal research study of male Harvard graduates, when a man is in his late 20s and early 30s, he remains under the influence of his parents.
False
According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who prefer highly structured tasks are described as _______.
conventional
What is the term that refers to the changes in people’s sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues?
moral development
According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects concrete interests of the individual considered in terms of rewards and punishments?
preconventional morality
The theory that abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults is called
cycle of violence hypothesis
What is the term for the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity?
emotional self regulation
What is the term for aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal?
instrumental aggression
T/F: Help solving problems that otherwise seem impossible to resolve is a reason for embracing religion and spirituality in young adulthood.
False
Clarice is a 5-year-old who is watching a movie and eating popcorn with her 3-year-old brother. Clarice’s brother finishes his popcorn long before Clarice, so she offers her brother some of her popcorn. Clarice’s mother praises her as a “good girl” for sharing. This is an example of _______.
prosocial behavior of the social learning theory
Kohlberg proposes that moral development occurs in a fixed order, and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to _______.
adolescence; lack of cognitive development
T/F: According to this psychologist, girls view morality in terms of broad principles of justice/fairness.
False
Which psychologist contends that people pass through a series of stages as their sense of justice evolves and in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments?
Kohlberg
A seventh-grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam, but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and will fail the course. This student is demonstrating _________.
preconventional morality
T/F: Children’s television programs contain less violence than found in other types of TV programs.
False
According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects a person’s use of moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?
postconventional morality
What percentage of women physically abuse their husbands?
8%
T/F: When discussing marital aggression, the fight-or-flight stage is one that couples go through.
False
What is the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?
intelligence
Define intelligence quotient (IQ)
a score that takes into account a student’s mental and chronological age
A test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV)
A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score
A test for adults that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS-IV)
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)
A children’s intelligence test permitting unusual flexibility in its administration
A quality of tests that measure consistently what they are trying to measure
reliability
Validity
A quality of tests that actually measure what they are supposed to measure
Difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities
learning disabilities
fluid intelligence
intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
attachment
Ainsworth Strange Situation
a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother
A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset
secure attachment pattern
Avoidant Attachment Pattern
a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns
A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers
Ambivalent Attachment Pattern
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment Pattern
a style of attachment in which the child shows inconsistent, often contradictory behavior
the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help make sense of uncertain circumstances and events
social referencing
Emotional-Self Regulation
the capability to adjust one’s emotions to a desired state and level of intensity
knowledge of oneself
self-awareness
self-concept
a person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
collectivistic orientation
a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence
a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
individualistic orientation
identity achievement
the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternativies
the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves
moratorium
identity diffusion
the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way
the culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers.
social clock
career consolidation
a stage that is entered between the ages of 20 and 40 when young adults become centered on their careers
groups of people with whom one compares oneself
reference groups
abstract modeling
the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles
the understanding of what another individual feels
empathy
conventional morality
Kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning in which people approach moral problems as members of society
The concept that moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgements are being made at a given time
social domain approach
authoritarian parents
parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law; value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement
parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
permissive parents
authoritative parents
parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent boundaries, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way
parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior
uninvolved parents
values
the qualities people see as most desirable and important, affecting people’s thinking and behavior
intentional injury or harm to another person
aggression
Theorist who proposed morality develops in a three-level sequence which has six substages
Kohlberg
Theorist who proposed a three stage process of moral development in females
Gilligan
Theorist who proposed major parenting styles
Baumrind
Theorist who proposed stages of spirituality extend throughout the lifetime
Fowler
Theorist who conducted study indicating children imitate adult aggressive behavior
Bandura
Theorist who proposed four categories of identity
Marcia
Theorist who suggests that people choose from several social clocks, and the selection they make has implications for personality development during middle adulthood
Helson
Theorist who called the stage of development that young adults reach career consolidation
Vaillant
Theorist who developed the “Career Choice Theory” (people move through a series of stages in choosing a career)
Ginzberg
Hollands 6 personality types important for career choice
(1) realistic; (2) intellectual; (3) social; (4) conventional; (5) enterprising; (6) artistic
According to Bowlby, what is attachment primarily based on
infant’s needs for safety and security (their genetically determined motivation to avoid predators)
What are the three major approaches providing explanations for involvement in late adulthood?
(1) disengagement theory: gradual retreat; (2) activity theory: continued involvement; (3) community theory: compromise position
Who developed the theory of psychosocial development
Erikson
Theorists who categorized temperament of babies
Chess and Thomas
What are the three temperaments of babies
easy babies, difficult babies, slow to warm babies
Who developed the idea that people enter late adulthood by passing through a transition stage that typically occurs around 60 to 65
Levinson
