Test 2 Flashcards
Does research indicates that men with Type A personalities have the same rate of heart and coronary disease as men with Type B personalities.
No
The term for physical declines brought about by environmental factors of an individual’s behavioral choices is _________.
secondary aging
Are all stress-related events are unpleasant.
No
When a person has some deficiency in his/her diet, this is called _______.
undernutrition
George is experiencing back pain. His doctor tells him the bones attached to his spinal column have become less dense. The doctor is referring to the ___________.
settling process
What is the term for an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives?
bulimia
When the production of the protein beta amyloid precursor protein, which normally produces neurons, goes awry and produces clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cells, this is called __________.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Does perimenopause describes the period after menopause when hormone levels become stable once again?
No
A condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet is called __________.
osteoporosis
Is family history of cancer considered an environmental and behavioral factor related to cancer?
No
True or False: By age 40, about 50 % of men have enlarged prostates.
False
Can some stress can be positively handled through exercise and/or meditation?
Yes
Do men or women seem to be more prone to a decline in height due to the risk of osteoporosis?
women
Is thinking that smoking cigarettes is safer than using illicit drugs a reason why adolescents become addicted to smoking?
No
Mita is 21 years old. She has two jobs and is attending a local college. However, due to her hectic schedule, she is experiencing several stressors that are contributing to physical ailments. Mita does not want to take medication for her stress. The therapist at the college informs her to try to increase contact with friends as a means of decreasing her stress. This is referred to as ________.
social support
What is the term that Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another?
transformation
Does adolescents’ ability to reason using formal operations also cause a change in their everyday behavior(s)?
Yes
True or False: There are no disputes or disagreements with Piaget’s theories. Everybody agrees with everything he has proposed.
False
Piaget proposed that children reach the formal operational stage of development around age _________.
12
According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of preoperational stage?
symbolic function
What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development?
scheme
True or False: Schaie’s perspective on cognitive development supports the notion that cognitive change stops at adolescence.
False
Piaget’s Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions occurs for infants in the age range of _________.
8 to 12 months
Piaget believed that the earliest schemes are limited to ________ that we have when we are born.
reflexes
According to Schaie, the stage in which people in middle adulthood may become involved in town government, service clubs, charitable groups, unions and organizations, where they have a larger purpose in society and can look beyond their individual/family situations, is called the ________.
executive stage
According to Schaie, what is the mission of people in late adulthood?
reintegration
True or False: Research indicates that people who live in unsophisticated, non-technologically based cultures are incapable of attaining the formal operational stage of thinking, as described by Piaget.
False
“Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly, varying the position from which he dropped it, [and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell.” This is an example of _________.
Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex’s mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said, “A bird.” Considering Piaget’s work, Alex is demonstrating an example of ___________.
assimilation
True or False: According to Lebouvie-Vief, the complexity of society requires specialization of thought. Therefore, thought is not necessarily based on only logic but also requires intellectual superiority.
False
When information in memory is rehearsed and stored on a relatively permanent basis, it is called _________.
long-term memory
Students who were tutored in _______ showed improved reading proficiency and increased activity in brain areas related to skilled reading.
phonics
Larry was daydreaming the day that his first-grade teacher reviewed the math lesson that 5 + 5 = 10. Later, Larry was not able to recall this information, probably because ________.
he never encoded it
When a middle school student is able to demonstrate the he/she is able to hear a string of digits (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) and then repeat the string in reverse order, the child is indicating that he/she is developing _________.
short-term memory
What is the term for the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information?
information processing approach
True or False: Behavior is considered a basic aspect of information processing
False
The choices people make are determined by ______________, information processing involving the ability to strategically choose among and sort out different stimuli in the environment.
attention
Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to _________.
3 years of age
Do the properties that make a stimulus attention-getting change drastically throughout the lifespan?
no
With age, children become better at ignoring ________________ stimuli.
irrelevant
What term refers to the maintenance of material saved in memory?
storage
One way to question children to produce the most accurate recollections is to ___________.
question them as soon as possible after an incident.
Is sequential memory one of the three sequential components of memory?
no
Rasheed is memorizing his math times tables by using flash cards. He does this frequently enough that eventually he does not need the visual stimulation of the cards to remember his times tables for a test. Rasheed is then taking advantage of _________.
long-term memory
When information in memory is held for 15 to 25 seconds, it is called __________.
short-term memory
When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as “please” and “thank you,” is the child demonstrating the knowledge of pragmatics?
yes
Babbling is universal to all infants. While infants are babbling, do they spontaneously produce most of the sounds found in the language they hear people speak?
no
Which of Chomsky’s concepts relates to how the human brain is uniquely and genetically predisposed to comprehend and produce language?
language acquisition device
By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.
telegraphic
When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of __________.
pragmatics
The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________
Chomsky; universal grammar
What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?
fast mapping
Does linguistic production will always precede linguistic comprehension or does linguistic comprehension come first?
comprehension comes first
At approximately 3 years old can a child can follow the principles of grammar most of the time?
yes
The ___________________ shape their first words, regardless of the language they speak.
experiences children have
Can metalinguistic awareness helps children master comprehension when information is not clear?
yes
___________refers to the process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.
fast mapping
Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?
interactionist perspective
What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?
morpheme
What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?
syntax
What are 4 types of events likely to cause stress?
(1) events that evoke negative emotions; (2) are uncontrollable and unpredictable; (3), are ambiguous or confusing; (4) create strain on a person’s capabilities
What are 4 direct physiological effects of stress?
(1) elevated blood pressure; (2) decrease in immune system functioning; (3) increased hormonal activity; (4) psychophysiological conditions
What are 4 harmful behaviors that may be consequences of stress?
(1) increased use of nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs; (2) decreased nutrition; (3) decreased sleep; (4) increased drug use
What are 3 indirect health-related behaviors that may be consequences of stress?
(1) decreased compliance with medical advice; (2) increase in delays in seeking medical care; (3) decrease in likelihood of seeking medical advice
Name 6 stress coping approaches
(1) emotional insulation (2) problem-focused coping (3) emotion-focused coping (4) social-support coping (5) defensive coping (6) unconscious strategies
Definition of malnutrition
Improper amount and balance of nutrients, produces several results
Definition of obesity
weight greater than 20% for given height
What percent of children are obese?
15%
What percent of adolescents are obese?
5%
What percent of adolescents are overweight?
20%
What percent of adults are obese?
20-30%
True or False: A clear link between overweight babies and overweight adults has been found
False
Name 3 conditions obesity can lead to
(1) heart disease; (2) type 2 diabetes; (3) certain types of cancer
True or False: Weight gains in infancy are associated with weight gains at age 6.
True
What is the most common nutritional concern in adolescence and adulthood?
obesity
