Test 1 Flashcards
An information-processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as _______ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills.
neo-Piagetian
What is the perspective that suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals?
bioecological approach
Within Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, which system underlies each of his system levels and involves the way the passage of time, including historical events, affects children’s development?
chronosystem
Piaget’s view assumes that thinking undergoes ________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by ________ advantages.
qualitative; quantitative
“Nature” refers to
traits, abilities and capacities inherited from parents.
Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This is called
reinforcement
If a researcher was interested in learning how children’s moral development changes between the ages of 3 and 5, the researcher may follow them until they are 5, testing them periodically. This research strategy is known as _________ research.
longitudinal
True or False: The humanistic perspective has had a major impact upon the field of lifespan development.
False
The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future, is considered ________ learning.
punishment
True or False: All developmental specialists acknowledge that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development and change.
True
Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by
Skinner
In an experiment, the ________ is what researchers measure and expect to change as a result of manipulation.
dependent variable
True or False: All people reach their developmental milestones at the exact same time.
False
Which research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time, and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference?
sequential
What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?
information processing
Breech position births occur in approximately _________ births and place the baby at risk because the umbilical cord may become compressed and deprive the baby of oxygen.
1 out of 25
The _______ stage formally starts when the differentiation of the major organs has occurred
fetal
True or False: Webs apparent between the infant’s fingers and toes is considered a feature of very-low-birthweight infants
False
What is the term applied to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior?
behavioral genetics
The ____ chromosomes in a new zygote contain the genetic blueprint that will guide cell activity for the rest of the individual’s life
46
True or False: Almost constant use of an incubator is effective in helping preterm infants develop
False
If a baby is being born feet first, this is called
breech position
True or False: A mother’s use of illegal drugs, but not legal drugs, poses serious risks to the unborn child.
False
Multiple births have _________ in the last 25 years due to fertility drugs and the rising average age of mothers giving birth.
increased
What is the birthing technique that uses breathing techniques and relaxation, involves a coach, and provides training that allows women to cope with painful contractions by concentrating on their breathing to produce a relaxation response rather than tensing up which can make pain more acute?
Lamaze
The attending nurse tells the expectant mother that her contractions are approximately 5 minutes apart. What hormones are high enough in the mother to cause the uterus to begin periodic contractions?
oxytocin
What is the name of the rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs?
chromosomes
Labor proceeds in ____ stages.
3
Sometimes genes, for no known reason(s), change their form in a process called
spontaneous mutation
What is the disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years. In 1957, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?
92%
At what age is a baby able to grasp with its thumb and fingers?
8 months
By age five, a child’s brain weighs ____ of an average adult’s brain.
90%
True or False: If you “sleep like a baby,” you sleep one long stretch with no interruptions.
False
True or False: Brain plasticity in infants is relatively low
False
True or False: The eye-blink reflex is taken over by voluntary control when infants are more able to control their muscles.
False
What is the term for the reflex that makes a baby who is lying face down in a body of water, paddle, and kick?
swimming
When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur?
during the first year of life
An infant’s perceptual growth is aided by the infant’s discovery of ___________, which are the options that a given situation or stimulus provides.
affordances
_________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience.
plasticity
What is the term for the reflex that protects the eye from too much direct light that might damage the retina?
eye blink
Considering the hemispheric differences in lateralization related to gender and culture, boys show a greater lateralization of language in the ____________ hemisphere; while girls develop language in
left; both hemispheres
Tomasina finds herself holding books and newspapers further from her eyes in order to read and bring material into focus. Her eye exam reveals she has
presbyopia
What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear, and is demonstrated when an infant tries to clear its throat?
gag
True or False: An infant demonstrates a preference for sweet through facial expressions
True
physical development
development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
lifespan development
the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
cognitive development
development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior
personality development
development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span
social development
the way in which individuals interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
social construction
shared notion of reality, one that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time
race
a biological concept, employed to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species
ethnicity
brad term referring to cultural background, nationality, religion and language
cohort
a group of people born at around the same time in the same place
continuous change
gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
