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Gross II > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which one, flexors or extensors, are responsible for weight bearing?

A

Flexors

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2
Q

If extensors are damaged, what do the flexors do to the action of the distal limb?

A

They overwhelm it

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3
Q

Loss of _______ function produces several abnormalities both posture and gait

A

flexors

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4
Q

Lining of the joint capsule that makes synovial fluid?

A

synovial membrane

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5
Q

Areas of joint that are free to distend somewhat are _______

A

joint pouches

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6
Q

This ligament runs from the prepubic tendon, up over the acetabular ligament, and to the head of the femur

A

accessory ligament of the hip

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7
Q

Why does the horse have an accessory ligament of the hip?

A

Helps hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum d/t the weight of the abdominal viscera pulling on the accessory ligament

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8
Q

Name the patellar ligaments of the horse

A
  • medial
  • middle (intermediate)
  • lateral
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9
Q

Which ligament of the horse is analogous to the patellar ligament of the dog?

A

Middle patellar ligament

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10
Q

What forms the locking mechanism for the stifle?

A

medial and middle patellar ligaments, patella, and medial trochlear ridge

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11
Q

T/F: The dog has divisions of the articular surfaces of the trochlea and patella like the horse does

A

FALSE.

The dog lacks these divisions

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12
Q

Where do the 3 patellar ligaments of the horse insert?

A

Tibial tuberosity

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13
Q

T/F: Locking of the equine stifle is an active process

A

true

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14
Q

What are the synovial joints in the stifle? (3)

A
  • medial femorotibial
  • lateral femorotibial
  • femoropatellar
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15
Q

The cruciate ligaments and menisci are in the ___________ joint space

A

femorotibial

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16
Q

What percentage of the time do the femoropatellar and medial femorotibial joints communicate?

A

80%

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17
Q

What percentage of the time do the femoropatellar and lateral femorotibial joints communicate?

A

20%

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18
Q

T/F: The two femorotibial joints usually don’t communicate with each other

A

True

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19
Q

What holds the patella in the trochlear groove of the femur while the joint is moving?

A

femoropatellar ligaments

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20
Q

There are several tarsocrural joint pouches. What are they? Which is the biggest compartment?

A
  • lateroplantar
  • medioplantar
  • dorsomedial - biggest
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21
Q

The collateral ligaments of the tarsus are actually both _____ and _____ collateral ligaments

A

long and short

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22
Q

These are important joint stabilizers when the leg is “in flight”

A

collateral ligaments of the tarsus

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23
Q

________ is responsible for the “snap” function of the tarsus

A

medial collateral ligament

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24
Q

_________ involves fibrous bands which attach to the distal femur and to the tarsus/metatarsus

A

Reciprocal Apparatus

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25
Q

Reciprocal apparatus - Cr. side

A

peroneus terius

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26
Q

reciprocal apparatus -Cd. side

A
  • SDF

- fibrous band in the gastrocnemius

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27
Q

When the stifle flexes, the hock _______

A

flexes

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28
Q

When the stifle extends, the hock _______

A

extends

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29
Q

When the stifle is fixed in position, the hock is

A

fixed also

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30
Q

T/F: The reciprocal apparatus is the same thing as the stay apparatus

A

FALSE!!

It is a component of the stay apparatus

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31
Q

What does the stay apparatus allow the horse to do?

A

stand with minimal muscular effort required to keep limb joints from collapsing

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32
Q

How does the horse lock its patella?

A

pulling it up and medially

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33
Q

How does the horse unlock its patella?

A

pulling it up and laterally

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34
Q

What anatomical structures lock the stifle and hock?

A

The patella and patellar ligaments lock the stifle

The hock is locked d/t the relation of the reciprocal apparatus

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35
Q

If the stifle is locked, the hock is also fixed in _______

A

extension

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36
Q

How can a “locked” patella be fixed?

A
  • backing the horse
  • sometimes need to physically push patella off its ridge
  • severe case = cut medial patellar ligament
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37
Q

If the case of locked patella is severe enough and the patella cannot be unlocked, what can be done? Why is this a last option?

A

Cut medial patellar ligament

  • no longer able to use passive locking mechanism
  • causes malignment of patella and other issues
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38
Q

Function of the suspensory ligament?

A

support the fetlock (and digit somewhat)

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39
Q

Where is the suspensory ligament located?

A

palmar/plantar side of metacarpus/metatarsus

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40
Q

The suspensory ligament in the horse is entirely a ligamentous structure. Is that the case in dogs?

A

No, is a muscle in dogs

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41
Q

Is the suspensory ligament palpable?

A

yes, especially distally

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42
Q

Where does the suspensory ligament originate?

A

plantar/ palmar aspect of MTIII or MCIII

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43
Q

Where does the suspensory ligament insert?

A

on each proximal sesamoid bone

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44
Q

The suspensory ligament also has ___________ that attach to the extensor tendon

A

medial and lateral extensor branches

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45
Q

What do the distal sesamoidean ligaments do?

A

anchor proximal sesamoids to the first two phalanges

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46
Q

What is a (nearly) pathognomonic sign of suspensory ligament lameness

A

Post legged confirmation = hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint

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47
Q

This artery on the hindlimb of the horse is palpable, can be used to take a pulse, and measure blood pressure under general anesthesia

A

dorsal metatarsal artery III

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48
Q

The sciatic nerve divides into the

A
  • common peroneal

- tibial

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49
Q

The common peroneal divides into the

A
  • superficial branch

- deep branch

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50
Q

The tibial divides into the

A
  • medial plantar

- lateral plantar

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51
Q

T/F: Forelimbs have dorsal nerves

A

FALSE!!!

They DO NOT have dorsal nerves

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52
Q

X-rays are named for where the beam is ______ to where the beam is ______

A

COMING ; GOING

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53
Q

In a radiograph, ________ at the top is standard orientation

A

proximal

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54
Q

In a dorsal palmar projection, what can be better seen?

A

Edges will be better detailed - Med. and Lat. edges in this view

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55
Q

How is the x-ray beam in DLPM-O?

A

From: Dorsolateral
To: Palmaromedial

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56
Q

How is the x-ray beam in DMPL-O?

A

From: Dorsomedial
To: Palmarolateral

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57
Q

The ________ is sometimes also known as the knee and is comparable to the human wrist

A

carpus

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58
Q

Which carpal bone is an inconsistent finding in most horses?

A

Carpal bone 1

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59
Q

This is the biggest bone in the carpus

A

radial carpal bone

60
Q

Way to ID a DMPLO shot

A

2nd carpal bone sits on 2nd metacarpal bone

61
Q

Way to ID a DLPMO shot

A

4th carpal bone sits on 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones

62
Q

The phrase “I goes high” is hepful for what radiograph shot and why?

A

Shot: Flexed Lateral
Why: Intermediate carpal bone will be higher than the radial carpal bone

63
Q

In what view does the 3rd carpal bone look like a grand piano?

A

Skyline view

64
Q

This joint is also known as the hock and is comparable with the human ankle

A

tarsus

65
Q

T/F: Distal tarsal bones fuse with age

A

True

66
Q

How many joints are there in the equine tarsus?

A

five

67
Q

Name the joints of the equine tarsus

A
  • tarsocrural
  • proximal intertarsal
  • talocalcaneal
  • distal intertarsal
  • tarsometatarsal
68
Q

The lateral tarsus radiograph provides a great shot of what structure in particular?

A

Calcaneus

69
Q

A DMPLO of the Tarsus has two distinct features. What are they?

A
  • hook on lateral trochlear ridge

- one of the very few views of the sustentaculum tali

70
Q

__________ glides over the tuber calcaneus

A

Deep digital flexor

71
Q

You are looking at a MCIII DP view radiograph and see the fracture has entered the nutrient foramen. Are you concerned?

A

Possibly.
If the blood supply is damaged, healing won’t go as you think it will
If the blood supply is still intact, fantastic!

72
Q

__________ is one of the very few things in the body that can heal to 100%

A

Bone

73
Q

Which proximal sesamoid bone is slightly taller and narrower?

A

Lateral proximal sesamoid bone

I’m calling it Larry

74
Q

Which proximal sesamoid bone is more robust and rounder?

A

Medial proximal sesamoid bone

I’m calling it Merryweather

75
Q

Does the olecrannon sit more medially or laterally in the elbow

A

laterally

76
Q

T/F: The scapula of the horse has an acromion

A

FALSE!!

77
Q

T/F: There is no connection between the olecrannon fossa and the radial fossa in the horse

A

True

78
Q

T/F: The horse lacks supratrochlear and supracondyler foramen

A

True

79
Q

The proximal end of the humerus in the horse has greater, lesser, and ________ tubercles.

A

Intermediate

80
Q

On either side of the intermediate tubercle of the humerus there are grooves called __________

A

bicipital grooves

81
Q

T/F: In the horse, the ulna is partially fused with the radius

A

True

82
Q

T/F: There are fused carpal bones in the horse

A

FALSE!!!!

NO fused carpal bones in the horse

83
Q

The vast majority of horses lack what carpal bone

A

Carpal bone 1

84
Q

What can be found in the carpal canal? (5)

A
  • flexor carpi radialis tendon
  • SDF and DDF tendon = common synovial sheath
  • radial artery
  • medial and lateral palmar artery
  • medial and lateral palmar nerves
85
Q

What forms the carpal canal?

A

Superficially formed by flexor retinaculum = superficial and deep layers

Deeply formed by palmar carpal lig

86
Q

This bone is also known as the cannon bone (forelimb)

A

MCIII

87
Q

These bones are also known as the splint bones (forelimb)

A

MCII and MCIV

88
Q

T/F: The horse has dorsal sesamoid bones

A

FALSE

89
Q

The _________ is another name for the distal sesamoid bone

A

navicular bone

90
Q

On the palmar aspect of the hoof, what separates the flexor surface and the solar surface?

A

semilunar line

91
Q

Origin and insertion of the Infraspinatus?

A

O: Infraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle of the humerus

92
Q

Action of the infraspinatus?

A

acts as a lateral collateral lig. of shoulder joint

93
Q

T/F: There are collateral ligaments for the shoulder joint

A

FALSE!!!!

There are muscles that act as collateral ligaments

94
Q

Extensors of the Shoulder? (3)

A

Supraspinatus
Biceps Brachii
Brachiocepahlicus

95
Q

Flexors of the Shoulder? (7)

A 
Infraspinatus
Deltoideus
Teres minor
Teres major
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Long head of the triceps brachii
96
Q

O and I of Subscapularis

A

O: Subscapular fossa
I: Lesser tubercle

97
Q

Function of the subscapularis?

A

acts as medial collateral lig. of shoulder joint

98
Q

What muscles act as collateral ligaments of the shoulder joint?

A

subscapularis and infraspinatus

99
Q

Bursa of the subscapularis?

A

between the tendon and the lesser tubercle (at the insertion)

100
Q

Bursa of the infraspinatus?

A

between the tendon and the greater tubercle

101
Q

Does the teres major have a bursa?

A

No

102
Q

O and I of the teres major?

A

O: caudal angle of the scapula
I: teres major tuberosity (w/ the latissimus dorsi)

103
Q

In relation to the teres major, the axillary nerve runs ___________ and the radial nerve runs __________

A

proximal; distal

104
Q

How many heads are there for the triceps brachii in the horse?

A

3

105
Q

Which head of the triceps exists in dogs, but not in the horse?

A

accessory head

106
Q

Extensors of the elbow (3)

A 
Triceps brachii
 -long head
 -lateral head
 -medial head
Tensor fascia antebrachii
Anconeus
107
Q

What is the main extensor of the elbow in the horse?

A

Triceps brachii

108
Q

Insertion of the heads of the triceps brachii?

A

Olecranon

109
Q

O of the long head of the triceps?

A

caudal border of the scapula

110
Q

O of the lateral head of the triceps?

A

deltoid tuberosity and tricipital line

111
Q

O of the medial head of the triceps?

A

caudal distal to the teres major tuberosity

112
Q

Which head of the triceps has a bursa and where is it?

A

Long head; under tendon of insertion

113
Q

Flexors of the elbow? (2)

A

Brachialis

Biceps brachii

114
Q

What lies on the caudal aspect of the brachialis muscle?

A

radial nerve

115
Q

O and I of the biceps brachii?

A

O: supraglenoid tubercle
I: radial tuberosity

116
Q

Actions of the biceps brachii? (3)

A
  • flexes the elbow
  • extends the shoulder joint
  • stabilizes the shoulder, elbow, and carpus during standing
117
Q

T/F: The bicipital bursa communicates with the cavity of the shoulder joint

A

FALSE!!!!

Does not communicate!

118
Q

T/F: The principal artery to the rear digit is the cranial tibial artery

A

True

119
Q

Chestnuts in the rear limb are located:

A

on the medial side of the limb distal to the tarsus

120
Q

Nerve paralysis for this nerve can result in inability to extend the hock or flex the digits, and reduced sensation over the plantar surface of the foot

A

Tibial nerve

121
Q

Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the hip?

  • Iliopsoas
  • Quadratus femoris
  • biceps femoris
  • gracilis
  • middle gluteal
A

Iliopsoas

122
Q

Which of the following structures of the femur is not palpable?

  • medial trochlear ridge
  • greater trochanter
  • lateral epicondyle
  • third trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
A

lesser trochanter

123
Q

The accessory ligament of the head of the femur transmits tension generated by the weight of the abdominal organs on the _______, to the head of the femur.

A

prepubic tendon

124
Q

The reciprocal apparatus directly involves which of the following?

  • biceps femoris
  • popliteus
  • interosseus medius
  • peroneus tertius
  • medial patellar ligament
A

peroneus terius

125
Q

Which of the following location(s) can be used to record a pulse in the horse?

  • dorsal metatarsal artery
  • transverse facial artery
  • facial artery at the facial notch
  • All of the above
A

All of the above

126
Q

Which joint in the rear limb of a standing horse is normally in a state of hyperextension?

A

fetlock

127
Q

One of the following structures can be palpated in a live horse.

  • scapular cartilage
  • spine of the scapula
  • caudal part of the greater tubercle
  • deltoid tuberostiy
A

All of those are palpable structures in the live horse

128
Q

Things that can be done to relieve a horse of upward patellar fixation

A
  • physical therapy and medication

- medial patellar desmotomy

129
Q

T/F: The communicating branch between the medial and lateral plantar nerves that crosses the superficial flexor tendon at the middle of metatarsus or metacarpus is palpable in a live horse.

A

True

130
Q

Injury to the cranial tibial muscle would be most likely to impair which function?

  • extension of the stifle
  • flexion of the stifle
  • extension of the hock
  • flexion of the hock
A

flexion of the hock

131
Q

T/F: A superficial plantar nerve block at the level of the distal aspect of splint bones is sufficient in order to obtain complete desensitization of the hind digit.

A

FALSE

132
Q

The coffin joint is composed of what bones?

A
  • Middle and distal phalanges

- distal sesamoid bone

133
Q

Which of the following is NOT palpable?

  • deep digital flexor tendon
  • lacertus fibrosus
  • digital cushion
  • metacarpal tuberosity
  • distal end of splint bone
A

digital cushion

134
Q

________ carries the functional insertion of the biceps brachii to the metacarpus

A

Lacertus fibrosus

135
Q

The ulna is greatly reduced to olecranon and lateral styloid process in an adult horse. However, a fully developed ulna may be seen in the Shetland pony. This condition of reverting back to ancestral type is called ______

A

avatism

136
Q

When nailing a shoe to a horse’s hoof, the nails have to pass through the wall ______ to the white line

A

external

137
Q

The distal check ligament in the forelimb of a horse runs from:

A

DDF to carpal palmar lig

138
Q

Which muscle does NOT flex the carpus in a horse?

  • flexor carpi radialis
  • extensor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • SDF
A

extensor carpi radialis

139
Q

What nerve supplies the horn of the ox?

A

Maxillary, which is a branch of the trigeminal

140
Q

Testes and spermatic cord in the ox are drained by which lymph node?

A

Medial iliac

141
Q

Which of the following is palpable on a rectal exam of a bull?

  • Area of vaginal ring
  • sacrum
  • vesicular glands
  • medial iliac lymph nodes
  • all of the above
A

All of the above

142
Q

What two arteries supply the bovine udder?

A

External pudendal and ventral perineal

143
Q

To which of the following are the ovaries nearest in an adult, non-pregnant cow?

  • lesser sciatic foramen
  • transverse process of L2 vertebra
  • S2 vertebral body
  • Left kidney
  • wing of ilium
A

wing of ilium

144
Q

T/F: The body of the epididymis is situated on the caudal aspect of the testis

A

True

145
Q

Why is intubation for gas anesthesia more difficult in the ox than in the horse?

A

Mainly d/t a more dorsally-directed aditus laryngis in the ox

146
Q

The ______ sinus in the ox communicates directly w/ the palatine sinus

A

maxillary

147
Q

T/F: Palatoglossal arch marks the division between oral cavity and the oropharynx

A

True

Gross II (3 decks)

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