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Gross II > Test 1 - Head, Neck, and Colors > Flashcards

Test 1 - Head, Neck, and Colors Flashcards

1
Q

Difference in the sternocephalicus m.?

A
  • one belly ONLY in horse

- attaches to mandible (AKA “sternomandibularis”)

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2
Q

Difference in cleidocephalicus m.?

A
  • one belly ONLY in horse
  • attaches to mastoid process (AKA “cleidomastoideus”)
  • located under cutaneous colli
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3
Q

Cutaneous colli m.?

A

cutaneous muscle of ventral neck in horses

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4
Q

Omotransversarius?

A
  • blends with brachiocephalicus in the horse

- may be hard to separate

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5
Q

What is different about the deep pectoral in the horse?

A
  • has TWO parts
    • subclavius
    • deep pectoral (AKA “ascending pectoral”)
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6
Q

Is the omohyoideus m. present in the dog?

A

No

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7
Q

What does the omohyoideus blend with?

A

insertion of sternohyoideus

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8
Q

What is important about the omohyoideus in relation to the jugular groove?

A

Forms the medial (deep) wall of jugular groove in cranial part of the neck

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9
Q

Where does the omohyoideus originate?

A

fascia near the shoulder

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10
Q

Ventral border of the jugular groove?

A

sternocephalicus

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11
Q

Dorsal border of the jugular groove?

A

cleidocephalicus

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12
Q

What separates the external jugular from the carotid sheath, esophagus, and trachea?

A

omohyoideus as medial wall of jugular groove

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13
Q

What is the cutaneous colli doing in relation to the jugular groove?

A

Covers the groove superficially in the ventral 1/3 of neck

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14
Q

The “points” on a horse refer to?

A

mane, tail, lower legs, and ear rims

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15
Q

T/F: Points are either black or non-black

A

True

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16
Q

Black Point Colors

A
  • black
  • bay
  • brown
  • dilutions: buckskin, dun, other variations
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17
Q

Non-Black Point Colors

A
  • chestnut/sorrel

- dilutions: palomino, red dun, other variations

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18
Q

Describe a dun

A
  • light colored horse
  • black or non-black points
  • primitive marks
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19
Q

Describe a buckskin

A
  • light colored horse
  • black points (rarely dark brown)
  • NO primitive marks
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20
Q

Primitive Marks

A
  • “lineback”/dorsal stripe
  • bars on hocks or above and below knees
  • occasionally stripes over withers or concentric rings on forehead
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21
Q

Bays

A
  • reddish body coat (very light to very dark)

- black points

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22
Q

Blacks

A

-NO brown hairs

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23
Q

T/F: Blacks can fade in the summer sunlight and have ends of the hairs looking brown

A

True

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24
Q

Browns

A
  • darker than bays
  • lighter than blacks
  • black points
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25
How many genes determine "black"? Is it the same gene for black distribution?
One gene No, different for distribution
26
Buckskin
- cream-dilution of bay - some shade of yellow body - head same or slightly darker - black points (dark brown rarely) - NO primitive marks
27
Grullo
- "black dun" - slate or tan body color - dark head - black points - primitive marks
28
Palomino
- cream dilution of chestnut - yellow horse - non-black points - light mane and tail
29
Chocolate Palomino
- chocolate body | - cream points
30
Roan
- mix of white and colored individual hairs in body coat - head and points have solid color - gene for roaning acts on base color - does not change with time
31
What might roan animals be confused with?
graying horses
32
Gray
- born with basecolor - gradually replaced with white, including head and points - eventually look white - have pigmented skin
33
White
- true white horse is rare | - have non-pigmented (pink) skin
34
Big difference in the skin of gray vs white horses?
Gray - pigmented | White - non-pigmented (pink)
35
Appaloosa/spotted
extensive (symmetrical) white spotting
36
Pinto
- large, irregular patches of white | - extensive white markings on legs
37
Star
between eyes
38
strip
over nasal bone; narrow
39
snip
above upper lip
40
chin spots
on lower lip
41
stripe
narrow, connected star and strip
42
blaze
broad stripe
43
bald face
white includes area around eyes and often the side of the face
44
white stockings
3/4 or full, depending how close to knee or hock
45
white socks
1/2 way up cannon
46
white fetlocks
includes fetlock
47
white pasterns
covers pastern but only extends to bottom of fetlock
48
white half pasterns
comes half way up on pasterns
49
How many parts does the nuchal ligament have?
2 parts, funicular and laminar
50
funicular part of nuchal ligament
- from skull to withers - directly continuous with supraspinous ligament - assoc. with 3 bursae
51
What are the 3 bursae assoc. with the funicular part of the nuchal ligament?
- cranial nuchal - caudal nuchal - supraspinous
52
laminar part of nuchal ligament
-runs from spinous processes of T2 and T3, and funicular part, to the spinous processes of C2-5
53
Poll Evil
infection of the cranial nuchal bursa
54
Fistulous Withers
infection of the supraspinous bursa
55
Cresty Neck
- too much fat in the neck - usually d/t being overweight - could be metabolic
56
T/F: Overweight horses are less likely to get laminitis
False. | They are MORE likely
57
How does the vertebral artery travel cranially?
through the transverse foramen
58
Terminal Lymph Center of head?
Cranial Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes
59
The ventral branch of the accessory nerve (CN XI) only supplies what muscle?
sternocephalicus
60
What is good to know about the sternocephalicus and undesirable horse behavior?
It's one of the cribbing muscles
61
What does the dorsal branch of the the accessory nerve supply?
- omotransversarius - brachiocephalicus - trapezius
62
"cribbing"
behavioral vice involving flexion of the neck and sucking in of air
63
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the vagus nerve?
in the brainstem
64
Are the postganglionic axons of the vagus nerve relatively long or short?
relatively short
65
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic trunk located?
in thoracic and cranial lumbar spinal cord
66
Are the postganglionic axons of the sym. trunk relatively long or short?
relatively long
67
Withers
- highest part of back | - formed by long spinous processes of T2-8, between scapular cartilage
68
How is height measured?
distance from ground to withers, in hands
69
Lateral Pectoral Groove
- between brachiocephalicus and descending pectoral - contains cephalic vein and a branch of superficial cervical artery - can bleed profusely
70
Choke
- blockage in the esophagus in horses | - blockage often caused by horse eating too quickly, thus chewing too little and food forms a bolus
71
Vertical boundary of Viborg's triangle?
mandibular ramus
72
Dorsal boundary of Viborg's triangle?
tendious insertion of sternomandibularis
73
Ventral boundary of Viborg's triangle?
linguofacial vein
74
Importance of Viborg's triangle?
One possible approach to the guttural pouches for surgical intervention
75
tracheal trunk
lymphatic duct running in the neck
76
What muscle covers the infraorbital foramen?
levator labii superioris m.
77
What muscle covers the mental foramen?
depressor labii inferioris m.
78
Trigeminal Nerve
- major SENSORY nerve to the face | - motor to most of the muscles of mastication
79
Why are infraorbital and mental nerve blocks sometimes performed?
local anesthesia, esp. for dental work
80
What is the largest salivary gland in the horse?
parotid salivary gland
81
What all is between the parotid salivary gland and the mandibular salivary gland?
- maxillary v. - sternocephalicus - brachiocephalicus - occipitomandibularis m.
82
Why does the horse need to lower its head like it's grazing?
Proper drainage of the sinuses
83
Sinuses in young horses
- not fully developed | - roots of teeth take up relatively more space in maxillary sinus
84
Where does all the natural drainage of the horse's sinuses occur?
Through the maxillary sinus via the nasomaxillary opening to the nasal cavity
85
What separates the rostral and caudal compartments of the maxillary sinus?
oblique septum
86
What separates the caudal comparment of the maxillary sinus into medial and lateral portions?
infraorbital canal
87
Into which sinus do the roots of the last 3-4 cheek teeth extend?
Maxillary sinus | This can be a point of access to the teeth roots
88
How does the frontal sinus communicate with the maxillary sinus?
Through the frontomaxillary opening
89
Combination of dorsal chonchal sinus and frontal sinus?
chonchofrontal sinus
90
What part of the maxillary sinus does the ventral conchal sinus communicate?
rostral
91
What part of the maxillary sinus does the sphenopalatine sinus commicate?
caudal maxillary sinus
92
Diastema
space/gap between the incisors and cheek teeth in the horse

Gross II (3 decks)

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