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Gross II > Test 1 - Head, Neck, and Colors > Flashcards

Test 1 - Head, Neck, and Colors Flashcards

1
Q

Difference in the sternocephalicus m.?

A
  • one belly ONLY in horse

- attaches to mandible (AKA “sternomandibularis”)

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2
Q

Difference in cleidocephalicus m.?

A
  • one belly ONLY in horse
  • attaches to mastoid process (AKA “cleidomastoideus”)
  • located under cutaneous colli
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3
Q

Cutaneous colli m.?

A

cutaneous muscle of ventral neck in horses

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4
Q

Omotransversarius?

A
  • blends with brachiocephalicus in the horse

- may be hard to separate

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5
Q

What is different about the deep pectoral in the horse?

A
  • has TWO parts
    • subclavius
    • deep pectoral (AKA “ascending pectoral”)
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6
Q

Is the omohyoideus m. present in the dog?

A

No

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7
Q

What does the omohyoideus blend with?

A

insertion of sternohyoideus

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8
Q

What is important about the omohyoideus in relation to the jugular groove?

A

Forms the medial (deep) wall of jugular groove in cranial part of the neck

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9
Q

Where does the omohyoideus originate?

A

fascia near the shoulder

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10
Q

Ventral border of the jugular groove?

A

sternocephalicus

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11
Q

Dorsal border of the jugular groove?

A

cleidocephalicus

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12
Q

What separates the external jugular from the carotid sheath, esophagus, and trachea?

A

omohyoideus as medial wall of jugular groove

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13
Q

What is the cutaneous colli doing in relation to the jugular groove?

A

Covers the groove superficially in the ventral 1/3 of neck

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14
Q

The “points” on a horse refer to?

A

mane, tail, lower legs, and ear rims

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15
Q

T/F: Points are either black or non-black

A

True

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16
Q

Black Point Colors

A
  • black
  • bay
  • brown
  • dilutions: buckskin, dun, other variations
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17
Q

Non-Black Point Colors

A
  • chestnut/sorrel

- dilutions: palomino, red dun, other variations

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18
Q

Describe a dun

A
  • light colored horse
  • black or non-black points
  • primitive marks
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19
Q

Describe a buckskin

A
  • light colored horse
  • black points (rarely dark brown)
  • NO primitive marks
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20
Q

Primitive Marks

A
  • “lineback”/dorsal stripe
  • bars on hocks or above and below knees
  • occasionally stripes over withers or concentric rings on forehead
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21
Q

Bays

A
  • reddish body coat (very light to very dark)

- black points

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22
Q

Blacks

A

-NO brown hairs

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23
Q

T/F: Blacks can fade in the summer sunlight and have ends of the hairs looking brown

A

True

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24
Q

Browns

A
  • darker than bays
  • lighter than blacks
  • black points
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25
Q

How many genes determine “black”? Is it the same gene for black distribution?

A

One gene

No, different for distribution

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26
Q

Buckskin

A
  • cream-dilution of bay
  • some shade of yellow body
  • head same or slightly darker
  • black points (dark brown rarely)
  • NO primitive marks
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27
Q

Grullo

A
  • “black dun”
  • slate or tan body color
  • dark head
  • black points
  • primitive marks
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28
Q

Palomino

A
  • cream dilution of chestnut
  • yellow horse
  • non-black points
  • light mane and tail
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29
Q

Chocolate Palomino

A
  • chocolate body

- cream points

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30
Q

Roan

A
  • mix of white and colored individual hairs in body coat
  • head and points have solid color
  • gene for roaning acts on base color
  • does not change with time
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31
Q

What might roan animals be confused with?

A

graying horses

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32
Q

Gray

A
  • born with basecolor
  • gradually replaced with white, including head and points
  • eventually look white
  • have pigmented skin
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33
Q

White

A
  • true white horse is rare

- have non-pigmented (pink) skin

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34
Q

Big difference in the skin of gray vs white horses?

A

Gray - pigmented

White - non-pigmented (pink)

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35
Q

Appaloosa/spotted

A

extensive (symmetrical) white spotting

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36
Q

Pinto

A
  • large, irregular patches of white

- extensive white markings on legs

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37
Q

Star

A

between eyes

38
Q

strip

A

over nasal bone; narrow

39
Q

snip

A

above upper lip

40
Q

chin spots

A

on lower lip

41
Q

stripe

A

narrow, connected star and strip

42
Q

blaze

A

broad stripe

43
Q

bald face

A

white includes area around eyes and often the side of the face

44
Q

white stockings

A

3/4 or full, depending how close to knee or hock

45
Q

white socks

A

1/2 way up cannon

46
Q

white fetlocks

A

includes fetlock

47
Q

white pasterns

A

covers pastern but only extends to bottom of fetlock

48
Q

white half pasterns

A

comes half way up on pasterns

49
Q

How many parts does the nuchal ligament have?

A

2 parts, funicular and laminar

50
Q

funicular part of nuchal ligament

A
  • from skull to withers
  • directly continuous with supraspinous ligament
  • assoc. with 3 bursae
51
Q

What are the 3 bursae assoc. with the funicular part of the nuchal ligament?

A
  • cranial nuchal
  • caudal nuchal
  • supraspinous
52
Q

laminar part of nuchal ligament

A

-runs from spinous processes of T2 and T3, and funicular part, to the spinous processes of C2-5

53
Q

Poll Evil

A

infection of the cranial nuchal bursa

54
Q

Fistulous Withers

A

infection of the supraspinous bursa

55
Q

Cresty Neck

A
  • too much fat in the neck
  • usually d/t being overweight
  • could be metabolic
56
Q

T/F: Overweight horses are less likely to get laminitis

A

False.

They are MORE likely

57
Q

How does the vertebral artery travel cranially?

A

through the transverse foramen

58
Q

Terminal Lymph Center of head?

A

Cranial Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes

59
Q

The ventral branch of the accessory nerve (CN XI) only supplies what muscle?

A

sternocephalicus

60
Q

What is good to know about the sternocephalicus and undesirable horse behavior?

A

It’s one of the cribbing muscles

61
Q

What does the dorsal branch of the the accessory nerve supply?

A
  • omotransversarius
  • brachiocephalicus
  • trapezius
62
Q

“cribbing”

A

behavioral vice involving flexion of the neck and sucking in of air

63
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the vagus nerve?

A

in the brainstem

64
Q

Are the postganglionic axons of the vagus nerve relatively long or short?

A

relatively short

65
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic trunk located?

A

in thoracic and cranial lumbar spinal cord

66
Q

Are the postganglionic axons of the sym. trunk relatively long or short?

A

relatively long

67
Q

Withers

A
  • highest part of back

- formed by long spinous processes of T2-8, between scapular cartilage

68
Q

How is height measured?

A

distance from ground to withers, in hands

69
Q

Lateral Pectoral Groove

A
  • between brachiocephalicus and descending pectoral
  • contains cephalic vein and a branch of superficial cervical artery
  • can bleed profusely
70
Q

Choke

A
  • blockage in the esophagus in horses

- blockage often caused by horse eating too quickly, thus chewing too little and food forms a bolus

71
Q

Vertical boundary of Viborg’s triangle?

A

mandibular ramus

72
Q

Dorsal boundary of Viborg’s triangle?

A

tendious insertion of sternomandibularis

73
Q

Ventral boundary of Viborg’s triangle?

A

linguofacial vein

74
Q

Importance of Viborg’s triangle?

A

One possible approach to the guttural pouches for surgical intervention

75
Q

tracheal trunk

A

lymphatic duct running in the neck

76
Q

What muscle covers the infraorbital foramen?

A

levator labii superioris m.

77
Q

What muscle covers the mental foramen?

A

depressor labii inferioris m.

78
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • major SENSORY nerve to the face

- motor to most of the muscles of mastication

79
Q

Why are infraorbital and mental nerve blocks sometimes performed?

A

local anesthesia, esp. for dental work

80
Q

What is the largest salivary gland in the horse?

A

parotid salivary gland

81
Q

What all is between the parotid salivary gland and the mandibular salivary gland?

A
  • maxillary v.
  • sternocephalicus
  • brachiocephalicus
  • occipitomandibularis m.
82
Q

Why does the horse need to lower its head like it’s grazing?

A

Proper drainage of the sinuses

83
Q

Sinuses in young horses

A
  • not fully developed

- roots of teeth take up relatively more space in maxillary sinus

84
Q

Where does all the natural drainage of the horse’s sinuses occur?

A

Through the maxillary sinus via the nasomaxillary opening to the nasal cavity

85
Q

What separates the rostral and caudal compartments of the maxillary sinus?

A

oblique septum

86
Q

What separates the caudal comparment of the maxillary sinus into medial and lateral portions?

A

infraorbital canal

87
Q

Into which sinus do the roots of the last 3-4 cheek teeth extend?

A

Maxillary sinus

This can be a point of access to the teeth roots

88
Q

How does the frontal sinus communicate with the maxillary sinus?

A

Through the frontomaxillary opening

89
Q

Combination of dorsal chonchal sinus and frontal sinus?

A

chonchofrontal sinus

90
Q

What part of the maxillary sinus does the ventral conchal sinus communicate?

A

rostral

91
Q

What part of the maxillary sinus does the sphenopalatine sinus commicate?

A

caudal maxillary sinus

92
Q

Diastema

A

space/gap between the incisors and cheek teeth in the horse

Gross II (3 decks)

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