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Behavioral Neuroscience > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hoagland’s Hypothesis

A

Theory proposing that biological clock mediates metabolic rate, and in turn, affects protensity

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2
Q

Protensity

A

Subjective experience of time as distinguished from clock or physical time

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3
Q

Circadian rythm

A

Rhythm or pattern of activity that lasts about a day

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4
Q

Biological clock

A

brain structure or mechanism mediating circadian rhythms and consequently protensity

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5
Q

Zeitgeber

A

Exogenous stimulus that synchronizes (sets) biological clock such as temperature, meals, noise. #1 is light exposure to the eyes

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6
Q

Retinohypothalamic tract

A

Branch of optic nerve that projects to the SCN composed of melanopsin

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7
Q

Melanopsin

A

Light sensitive ganglion cells containing photopigment

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8
Q

Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

Hypothalamic cell group that mediates several visceral functions entrained to the day-night cycle (sleep and body temp)

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9
Q

Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO)

A

Cell group in anterior hypothalamus mediating sleep onset, mostly GABA. If you stimulate it you sleep. If you lesion it you get insomnia, come, death.

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10
Q

Orexin

A

Stimulates arousal system

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11
Q

Polysomnograph (PSG)

A

multiple, coincident polygram measures to provide a comprehensive assessment of sleep

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12
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Record of voltage between two electrodes applied to the scalp representing the activity of many neurons over time

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13
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

Record of gross motor unit potentials

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14
Q

Electrooculogram (EOG)

A

Record of gross motor unit potentials from extra ocular muscles

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15
Q

Beta Activity

A

15-60 Hz, 30 uV

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16
Q

Alpha activity

A

8-12 Hz, 30-80 uV

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17
Q

Theta activity

A

4-8 Hz, 30-80 uV

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18
Q

Delta activity

A

.5-4 Hz, 100-200 uV

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19
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Burst of activity, 10-15 Hz, 50-150 uV

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20
Q

Byproduct of sleep onset

A

sleep spindles and k complexes

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21
Q

Awake and alert

A

beta activity

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22
Q

awake and relaxed

A

alpha activity

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23
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

theta activity

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24
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

theta, sleep spindles, k-complexes

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25
Q

Stage 3/4 sleep

A

theta activity, delta activity; slow wave sleep

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26
Q

REM Sleep

A

theta activity, beta activity, paradoxical sleep, EOG

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27
Q

REM rebound

A

Increase in the proportion of time spent in REM sleep in an individual deprived of REM

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28
Q

Fatal Familial insomnia

A

Inherited prion disease characterized by progressive and ferocious insomnia (leading to hallucinations, dementia, motor deficits (ataxia), sympathetic overdrive (tachycardia), and ultimately death)

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29
Q

Stress

A

negative experience accompanies by characteristic emotional, behavioral, biochemical, and physiological reactions

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30
Q

SAM (sympathy-adrenomedullary) axis

A

initiated by locus coeruleus, release of norepinephrine, activates sympathetic nervous system which released epinephrine via adrenal glands

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31
Q

HPA axis

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland

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32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Paraventricular nucleus (mediated flight or fight response), releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which travels via blood supply to pituitary

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33
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master gland that regulates activity of other glands, CRH stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary, travels via blood to adrenal gland

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34
Q

Adrenal gland

A

glands located atop kidneys that secrete steroids and NTs, ACTH stimulates synthesis and release of glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex (eg Cortisol)

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35
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones that support or govern manifold metabolic, cardiovascular, and immunologic functions. Role in stress: increase the production and availability of blood glucose

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36
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Endocrine disorder caused by insufficient concentrations of steroid hormones; low blood pressure and hyper pigmentation

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37
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Endocrine disorder caused by excessive concentrations of glucocorticoids, hallmark feature is hump on back, caused by steroid medications or adrenal tumor

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38
Q

Feedback loop

A

distal signal sent back (looped) to control mechanism (to increase/decrease output)

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39
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in the response of the nervous system to a repeated stimulus, such as a chronic stressor; chronic stress in SAM axis causes decrease in release of norepinephrine

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40
Q

Sensitization

A

Enhanced response when a chronically stressed individual is presented with a novel stressor, chronic stress in SAM axis causes greater than normal release of norepinephrine

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41
Q

Dexamethasone challenge

A

A test that assesses the ability of the HPA axis to regulate glucocorticoid release; decreases cortisol in normal person but increases cortisol in people with impaired HPA axis

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42
Q

Dexamethasone

A

synthetic glucocorticoid

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43
Q

Hippocampal atrophy

A

Glutamate excitotoxicity (too many EPSPs, neurons die); loss of hippocampal CRH inhibition = elevated cortisol

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44
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Can be cased by chronic stress

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45
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

Branch of neuroscience investigating interactions among environmental stimuli, the nervous system, and the immune system

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46
Q

Pathogen

A

microorganism that can cause disease

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47
Q

Glycoprotein

A

molecules composed of proteins and carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interactions (at cell membrane)

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48
Q

H1N1

A

Designates two glycoproteins - hemaglutin (h) and neuraminidase (n) expressed by swine virions

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49
Q

Immune system

A

a diffuse network of interacting cells, cell products, and organs that protect the body from pathogens

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50
Q

Cytokines

A

proteins and glycoproteins released by certain WBCs (white blood cells) when they are activated or detect an invading pathogen that orchestrate pleiotropic affects

51
Q

Innate immune system

A

immune components, such as skin, phagocytotic WBCs, and cytokines that exist prior to pathogen invasion; trigger inflammation to limit damage

52
Q

Macrophage

A

WBC; phagocytotic cell activated by chemicals released from foreign microorganisms and by cytokines; engulf pathogen and attack constituent proteins then burp up remnants to alert others; also release cytokines

53
Q

Neutrophil

A

phagocytotic white blood cell recruited by inflammation to destroy invader via enzymes, most prevalent WBC, commit cellular suicide (apoptosis = puss)

54
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

WBC designed to destroy invading cells, including tumor cells, parasites, fungi, bacteria, and virus infected cells; two killing mechanisms - trigger apoptosis in infected cells and perforin

55
Q

Perforin

A

Cytolytic protein that forms a pore in cell membrane to inject enzymes

56
Q

Acquired immune system

A

immune cells that, upon exposure to pathogens, develop a selective immunity that results in faster response should the same pathogen invade again

57
Q

B cells

A

cells that produce and release antibodies that originate in bone marrow before migrating to immune tissues

58
Q

antibody

A

protein molecules produced by b-cells and circulate through blood after an invasion searching for foreign substances

59
Q

antigen

A

surface glycoprotein on pathogens that bind to antibody

60
Q

T-cells

A

WBCs that mature in the thymus and have surface bound receptors that recognize foreign particles, recognize only one type of antigen-bound fragments

61
Q

T-cytotoxis (Tc) cells

A

CD8 glycoprotein; proliferate, release cytokines and differentiate

62
Q

T Helper (Th) cells

A

CD4 glycoprotein, release cytokines to activate or enhance action of macrophages, B-cellsm and Tc cells. “stop war”

63
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus (stimulation augments some immune responses) and enervates immune organs, which contain NT receptors; NE and DA, nerve terminals contact lymphocytes

64
Q

Endocrine system

A

HPA axis (B): glucocorticoid receptors on WBCs down regulate cytokine synthesis, stress hormones are immunosuppressive (anti-inflammatory); HPG axis: sex hormone receptors on WBCs, estrogen and progesterone decrease pro inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory cytokines

65
Q

TNF alpha

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

66
Q

IL-10

A

anti-inflammatory cytokines

67
Q

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

A

how cytokines signal hippocampus and hypothalamus since they can’t cross BBB

68
Q

Sickness behavior

A

Behavioral changes that develop in individuals during course of infection (weakness, anorexia, social withdrawal, poor concentration, hypersomnia) adaptive function to maintain health

69
Q

Anorexia

A

Decreased motivation to eat, which decreases iron levels in blood and presents bacteria from replicating

70
Q

Heart disease

A

umbrella term for a variety of conditions that affect the heart muscles, leading cause of death

71
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

Blockage of the arteries on the surface on the heart that supply blood and oxygen to the heart; underlying cause is atherosclerosis

72
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Condition characterized by the build up of plaque along the inner walls of arteries

73
Q

Positive remodeling

A

Most dangerous, typically unstable since it breaks off and causes ruptures

74
Q

Negative remodeling

A

Stable

75
Q

Plaque

A

Mound of lipid material covered with fibrous connective tissue embedded in artery wall; begins in childhood; narrows the lumen, restricting blood flow

76
Q

Lipoproteins

A

blood stream compounds containing a core of lipids in a shell of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol

77
Q

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

helps remove cholesterol from cells, and in turn, excretion from body

78
Q

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

carries cholesterol to cells, starts atherogenesis

79
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in nitric oxide

80
Q

Lipid Peroxidation

A

oxidative deterioration of lipids when free radicals steal electrons from (cell membrane) lipids

81
Q

C reactive proteins

A

liver protein synthesized in response to inflammation

82
Q

Foam cell

A

macrophages laden with lipids

83
Q

Atheroma

A

raised plaques under endothelium

84
Q

Ischemia

A

Restriction in blood supply; heart gets and receives less blood than it needs

85
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain in area of heart

86
Q

Embolism

A

Obstruction of blood flow due to an object (embolus) occluding blood flow (unstable plaque)

87
Q

Thrombosis

A

Instruction of blood flow due to a clot (thrombone)

88
Q

Myocardial Infraction

A

irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to reduction to blood flow (oxygen); heart attack

89
Q

Lazarus syndrom

A

delayed return of spontaneous circulation after cessation of cardio pulmonary resuscitation

90
Q

Framingham Heart Study

A

Longitudinal study of launched in 1948 to investigate the causal factors of heart disease in the general population

91
Q

Unmodifiable risk factors

A

age, sex, race, family

92
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A

Serum cholesterol, serum c-reactive protein, diet, bad habits

93
Q

Metabolic syndromes

A

Cluster of risk factors the increase risk for coronary heart disease and other health problems such as CVA (stroke) characterized by 5 comorbid factors

94
Q

Hypertension

A

Elevated blood pressure (commonly) defined as 140/90 mm/Hg

95
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

artery pressure when heart actively pumps

96
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

Artery pressure when heart relaxed

97
Q

Tryglycerides

A

blood lipid that contains glycord combined with fatty acids

98
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose concentration defined as more than 100 mg/cl

99
Q

Glucose

A

important sugar molecule used by body and brain for fuel (energy)

100
Q

Basal metabolism

A

Use of energy to fuel processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and other life sustaining processes

101
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone synthesized by beta cells in the pancreas that decrease blood glucose

102
Q

Cephalic phase

A

sensory stimuli from food evoke conditioned release of insulin

103
Q

Digestive phase

A

food entering stomach and intestines causes release of gut hormones that stimulate pancreas to release insulin

104
Q

Absorption phase

A

glucodetectors - cells that detect circulating glucose and inform brain detect glucose and signal pancreas to release insulin

105
Q

glucose transporter

A

molecules spamming cell membrane that mediates glucose transportation into cell when activated by insulin

106
Q

glycogen

A

complex carbohydrate made by combining glucose molecules for short term storage (in muscle and liver)

107
Q

Insulin resistance

A

impaired response to the physiological effects of insulin (including hose on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism)

108
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose

109
Q

Polyphagia

A

Frequent hunger

110
Q

Polydipsia

A

Frequent thirst

111
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased volume of urination

112
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

metabolic disorder characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinmia

113
Q

Adipose

A

cells that store energy as fat, compromising adipose tissue

114
Q

Obesity

A

Excess adipose tissue, especially at the waist

115
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

estimation of body fat calculated as body weight (in kilograms) divided by heigh (in meters) squares

116
Q

Bioelectrical Impedance

A

resistance of body tissue to the flow of a small harmless electrical signal

117
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size of adipocytes due to TRG accumulation in existing adipocytes

118
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of adipocytes due to recruitment of new adipocytes from precursor cells; don’t die

119
Q

Adipokines

A

cytokines secreted by adipocytes; over-filled cells release more immune-messengers and may undergo apoptosis, recruiting even more immune cells

120
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone secreted by stomach that stimulates food intake

121
Q

cholecystorinin

A

hormone secreted by duodenum involved in signaling satiety

122
Q

peptide yy

A

hormone secreted by GI tract involved in signaling satiety

123
Q

leptin

A

pro-inflammatory adipokine secreted by fat cells to signal current TRG (energy) levels

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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