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Behavioral Neuroscience > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral

A

Towards beak (anterior)

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2
Q

Caudal

A

Towards tail (posterior)

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3
Q

Dorsal

A

top surface

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4
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom surface

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5
Q

Lateral

A

Toward side

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6
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

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7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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8
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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9
Q

transverse plane

A

perpendicular to ground and neuroaxis

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10
Q

sagittal

A

parallel to neuroaxis

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11
Q

horizontal

A

parallel to ground

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12
Q

cortex

A

collection of neurons that form a thin sheet

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13
Q

nucleus

A

distinguishable mass of neurons, usually deep within the brain

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14
Q

Locus

A

small, well defined group of neurons

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15
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neurons in the PNS (1 in the CNS)

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16
Q

Commissure

A

collection of axons that connect two sides of the brain

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17
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of axons in PNS (1 in CNS)

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18
Q

Suture

A

fibrous joint of skull bones

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19
Q

Bregma

A

intersection of coronal suture and sagittal suture

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20
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of tissue (dura matter, arachnoid membrane, and pia matter) encasing the brain, pain receptors located here not in brain

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21
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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22
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF

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23
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Yellowish fluid containing salts and nutrients that bathes the CNS

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24
Q

Choroid plexus

A

produces CSF

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25
Q

Ventricular system

A

A series of hollow, interconnected chambers filled with CSF (1+2–>3–>aqueduct–>4–>subarachnoid space–>vascular system

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26
Q

Corodoplexus

A

Controls pressure in brain

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27
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of CSF in the ventricles due to blockage

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28
Q

Verebral arteries

A

Arteries whose branches enter skull and become the posters (caudal) cerebral arteries

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29
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries

A

Branches enter skull and become the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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30
Q

Spheriopalatine ganglioneuroalgia

A

Transient headache cause by rapid presentation of cold foods to palate which induces dilation of internal carotid artery and eventually pain in the meningies (brain freeze)

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31
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

mechanism inhibiting most chemicals and pathogens from entertain brain. capillary endothelial cells more tightly packed within CNS

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32
Q

Midbrain

A

Medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum

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33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

role in cardiovascular function (heartbeat and blood pressure), gateway to brain (separates brain and spinal chord), and area postrema (vomit from too much toxins)

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34
Q

Pons

A

Role in sleep and arousal, locus coeruleus (blue spot), noradrenergic system (norepinephrine)

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35
Q

Cerebellum

A

Receives incoming sensory and outgoing motor information, coordinates signals (allows movement to flow)

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36
Q

Midbrain

A

Reticular activating system, superior colliculus

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37
Q

Reticular activation system

A

Role in arousal, sleep, muscle tone, and movement. Damage = coma

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38
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Involved in visual reflexes and foveation

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39
Q

Forebrain

A

limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus colosseum, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex

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40
Q

Limbic system

A

Brain areas associates with emotion (amygdala) and memory (hippocampus)

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41
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for neural signals (sensory signals), massa intermedia (thalamic commissure, only 2/3 of human brains have this, more common in females and schizos)

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42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls autonomic nervous system

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature (dorsal to optic chasm)

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43
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Large bundle of axons that connects both cerebral hemispheres, thicker in woman, longer in psychopaths, is severe epilepsy then split brain operation

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44
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Brain areas involved in control of movement (group of structures) - caudate nucleus, putamen, globes pallidus

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45
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Layer of unmyelinated neurons (gray matter) convolusions, where size and convolutions vary greatly among species (handout) fissure, sulcus, gyrus

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46
Q

Stroke

A

Sudden appearance of a neurological deficit due to disruption in cerebral blood supply (cerebrovascular accident)

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47
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

death of brain tissue (cerebral infarction) resulting from an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen due to blockage of artery

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48
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Condition characterized by build up of plaque-lipid material covered with fibrous tissue embedded in artery wall

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49
Q

Thrombotic stroke

A

Type of ischemic stroke; blood flow reduction due to atherosclerosis in a cerebral blood vessel that eventually occludes it

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50
Q

Embolic stroke

A

Type of ischemic stroke; reduction of blood flow when an embolus travels to cerebral artery and forms a plug

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51
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Loss of blood flow when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures

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52
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid

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53
Q

Cerebral aneurysm

A

Dilation or swelling of cerebral blood vessel due to weakness in vessel wall (congenital vascular malformation or hypertension)

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54
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Several arteries come together

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55
Q

Umbra

A

Area of tissue death from CVA

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56
Q

Punumbra

A

Region surrounding immediate damage (cells survive at least temporarily after stroke)

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57
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

Intravenous drug that breaks up a clot allowing blood flow to return to deprived area of the brain

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58
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Altering or modification of neurons, their networks, or their function due to experience or trauma

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59
Q

Synkinesis

A

Involuntary movement accompanying a voluntary one due to the misfiring of nerves following a trauma

60
Q

Collateral sprouting

A

newly formed branch by an uninjured axon to replace synapses vacated by an injured neuron

61
Q

Kennard Principle

A

maxim suggesting that the earlier in life damage occurs, the better recovery

62
Q

Localization of function

A

Principle that specific functions are mediated by circumscribed brain locations

63
Q

Experimental ablation

A

Destroy (lesion) area of the brain and observe possible changes in behavior and location

64
Q

Aspiration

A

Remove tissue via pipette connected to vacuum pump

65
Q

Radiofrequency lesion

A

Produced by heat generated from circuit passing through an electrode (kills everything in the area)

66
Q

Excitotoxicity lesion

A

Produced by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid (ed Kainic acid); kills neurons, not axons. “stroke”

67
Q

Reversible lesion

A

temporary disruption produced by injecting a local anesthetic

68
Q

Sham lesions

A

placebo procedure tat duplicates all steps of producing a brain legion except for the one that actually causes the brain damage

69
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain

70
Q

Stereotaxis atlas

A

Collection of drawings of brain sections for a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates relative to bregma

71
Q

Stereotaxis apparatus

A

device that permits a surgeon to position an electron or cannula into a specific part of the brain

72
Q

Histological techniques

A

procedures used to examine anatomy of tissue

73
Q

Neuronal labeling

A

Histological method in which dye is injected into the brain, unsolved by neurons and transported within cell

74
Q

Anterograde

A

label neural connections from cell bodies to terminal endings

75
Q

Retrograde

A

label neural connections from terminal endings into cell bodies

76
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Neurosurgery performed to alter brain structure or function

77
Q

Cingulotomy

A

RF lesioning of the cingulum bundle passing through cingulate gyrus to relieve chronic pain and OCD

78
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

six muscles that mediate movement of eye (and a seventh moves eyelid)

79
Q

Micronystagmus

A

Eyes constantly moving, but if paralyzed, can’t see

80
Q

Strabismus

A

Disordered misalignment of eyes - lazy eye

81
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outmost coat of the eyeball compromised of densely packed fibers; white of eye

82
Q

Conjunctiva

A

transparent membrane that keeps visible sclera moist

83
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent dome shaped window covering front of the eyeball that focuses light to posterior eyeball; 66% eye’s optical power

84
Q

Astigmatism

A

Not properly focusing since cornea is deformed

85
Q

Iris

A

pigmented muscular membrane that fillets and controls to regulate amount of light entering through pupil; eye color; controlled by ANS

86
Q

Lens

A

elliptical optical element that in conjunction with cornea focuses light toward back of the eyeball (retina) (33% of optical power)

87
Q

Emetropia

A

ideal focus of image at back of eyeball

88
Q

Myopia

A

image focused in from of the retina (focuses too soon, then blurs)

89
Q

Hyperopia

A

Image focused behind retina

90
Q

Cataract

A

opacity of the lens that reduces visual acuity 20/200 or worse; brunescence (browning) naturally occurs with age

91
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Clear viscous fluid occupying central cavity of eyeball; maintains intraocular pressure (IOP)

92
Q

Retina

A

photosensitive tissue lining the posterior eyeball consisting of interconnected nerve cells (including photoreceptors)

93
Q

Fovea

A

depression at center of retina

94
Q

Convergence

A

Many neurons synapse onto a single neuron, about 126 million photoreceptors feed into 1 million ganglion cells

95
Q

Rods

A

Responsible for night vision (100 million total), about 120 rods:1 ganglion; high convergence means greater sensitivity due to summation of responses; they burn out in high light

96
Q

Cons

A

Light vision (20 million total); about 6 cones:1 ganglion; low convergence means greater discrimination (acuity) due to point-to-point responses

97
Q

Light

A

Form of electromagnetic radiation-energy produced by vibrations of electrically charged material
wavelength (nm) visible spectrum in humans 400-700 nm

98
Q

Photoreceptors

A

neurons (in the retina) that absorb and transfuse light energy into a neural signal; cones in the center and rods periphery

99
Q

Inner segment

A

Nucleus and organelles

100
Q

Outer segment

A

thin disks (rods) or folds (cones) of membrane

101
Q

Photopigment

A

Molecule embedded in a membrane disc or fold that absorbs light; 4 total = 3 cones + 1 rod

102
Q

Dichromacy

A

two cones - color blind

103
Q

Opsin

A

Long chain of amino acids

104
Q

Retinal

A

Altered form of vitamin A

105
Q

Phototransduction

A

Conversion of electromagnetic radiation (light) into a neural signal; ion channels open in dark - membrane potential slightly negative; ion channels close when light - membrane potential hyperpolarized

106
Q

Optic nerve

A

bundle of about 1 million ganglion cell axons that conveys visual signal to regions of the brain

107
Q

Optic chiasm

A

region where fibers serving nasal retinae crossover, contralateral processing, optic tract

108
Q

superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

hypothalamic cell group that mediates several visceral functions entrained to the day-night cycle (sleep and body temp) (regulates pineal gland activity)

109
Q

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

A

midbrain cell group mediating pupillary reflexes; regulate light levels

110
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Midbrain structure coordinating eye and head movements; visual reflexes; attention

111
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

thalamic structure where about 90% of ganglion axons project en route to visual cortex; optic radiations

112
Q

Perimetry

A

measurement of visual field integrity and limits via lights projected at various locations in a homogenous field; lesions along visual pathways yield specific patterns of visual field loss

113
Q

Scotoma

A

small area of blindness in visual field

114
Q

Hemianopia

A

Blindness in half of visual field

115
Q

Quadrantopia

A

blindness in one quadrant of visual field

116
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

cortex along calcimine fissure that receives visual input from retina via LGN

117
Q

retinotopic map

A

arrangement in which spatial distribution of cells corresponds to the retinal cell distribution

118
Q

Coritcal magnification

A

over representation of retinal space by cortical space

119
Q

feature detectors

A

neurons that respond selectively to a specific feature of the stimulus

120
Q

simple cells

A

cells in primary visual cortex that respond most vigorously to lines of a particular orientation; biased for vertical or horizontal

121
Q

Complex cells

A

cells in primary visual cortex that respond most vigorously to moving stimuli

122
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Rare neurological condition in which an individual cannot perceive or recognize some aspect of a visual scene

123
Q

Apperceptive visual agnosia

A

failure to perceive objects (forms) despite normal visual acuity

124
Q

Simultagnosia

A

Inability to perceive more than a single object at a time

125
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

failure to recognize particular faces (but parts of face usually identifiable)

126
Q

Face cells

A

feature detectors in fusiform face area (FFA) that responds to faces anywhere in visual field

127
Q

Face inversion effect

A

loss of normal proficiency at face perception when faces are inverted

128
Q

Cerebral achromatopsia

A

inability to discriminate different colors

129
Q

akinetopia

A

inability to determine velocity or direction of movement

130
Q

binding problem

A

problem of how neural activity in separated areas of the brain is combined to create a coherent perception

131
Q

kinetosis

A

transient debilitating condition characterized by dizziness vertigo and nausea

132
Q

Vestibular system

A

three organs (sacral, utricle, and semicircular canal) adjacent to the inner ear that mediate posture, balance, and sense of orientation

133
Q

Otolith organs

A

two membranous, fluid filled sacs (organs) that register gravity plus vertical (saccule) or horizontal (utricle) movement

134
Q

Otoliths

A

dense, calcium carbonate particle suspended in endolymph (inner ear fluid)

135
Q

macula

A

patch of receptive tissue

136
Q

saccule

A

hair cells on wall

137
Q

utricle

A

hair cells on floor

138
Q

Semicircular canals

A

three fluid filled, toroidal tubes that tie above the inner ear at right angles to each other and register rotary motion of head
pitch (yes) yaw (no) roll (?)

139
Q

Ampulla

A

Spherical enlargement at base of canal containing vestibular sensory organs

140
Q

Cupula

A

tongue shaped gelatinous mass in ampula containing tufts of hair from vestibular organs

141
Q

Vestibular nerve

A

Part of vestibulocochlear nerve that conveys vestibular signal to the brain

142
Q

Oculomotor nucleus

A

group of midbrain cells that mediate eye movements relative to head position and movement (edinger-westphal nucleus)

143
Q

vestibulo-obular reflex

A

reflective eye movement initiated when the head or body moves to stabilize position of eyes relative to a target

144
Q

Oculocephalic reflex

A

VOR to maintain forward gaze during neck rotation

145
Q

Caloric reflex test

A

VOR test for nystagmus (involuntary eye movement) induced by irrigating the auditory canal with cold or warm water
COWS - cold opposite, warm same

146
Q

Sensory conflict theory

A

periods of unusual passive motion causes disruption of the usual close correspondence between the visual system and vestibular system concerning spatial orientation

147
Q

Vomiting center

A

Cell groups in the dorsal-lateral medulla that vomiting reflex (cerebellum show mismatch between vision and vestibular sense –> chemoreceptor trigger zone –> vomiting center)

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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