Test 1 Flashcards
Gaseous Neurotransmitters
gasses produced in the neural cytoplasm that diffuse immediately though cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells (eg nitric oxide) long term potentiation
Neuropeptide Y
peptide found in the brain, especially hypothalamus, that stimulates carbohydrate intake (via large meal size)
Acetylcholine
Movement, learning, memory
Dopamine
Movement, learning, attention, addictions
Norepinephrine
Memory, attention, arousal
Serotonin
mood, pain, sleep, eating
Glutamate
Excitatory, can cause exciotoxicity
Exciotoxicity
Neurons are damaged or killed via overactivity
Ischemia
Restricted blood supply, no O2
GABA
Main inhibitory neuron
Glycine
Inhibitory NT in spinal cord and hindbrain
Clostridium Tetani
Bacteria that causes tetanusm - deadly muscle regidity and spasms
Coup injury
damage to brain at point of initial impact
Hematoma
Swelling or mass of blood between skull and brain (epidural) or inside brain itself (subdural)
Second Impact Syndrome
Catastrophic condition when a second concussion occurs before first heals
Chronic Traumatic Endephalopathy
Degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes with history of repetitive brain trauma
Neurofibrillary tangles
Twisted Tau protein fibers (from collapse of mictrotubules) that build up inside nerve cells and impaire function
Cholinergic
release acetylcholine (all motor neurons)
Neuroglia
nerve glue
Astrocyte
glial cell that provides physical support and nutrient store for neurons and removes waste
Microglia
Small glial cells that remove waste and pathogens via phagocytosis
Oligodendrocyte
Glial cell in CNS that forms myelin sheath, insulates axon
Schwann cells
Glial cells in PNS that is wrapped around axon, providing one segment of its myelinated sheath - assist regrowth
Glioblastoma multiforme
Lethal malignant brain tumor that develops from astrocytes
Goldman equation
Compute potential of electrochemical equilibrium
Tetrodotoxin
Neurotoxin that inhibits action potential via blocking voltage gated Na channel (cannot cross BBB paralyzes muscles)
Ionotropic receptor
NT binds, ion channel opens
Metabotropic receptor
NT binds, G protein, second messenger, ion channel opens
Autoreceptor
Binding site on a neuron that responds to the NT neuron releases (feedback loop) regulates NT synthesis release q
MAO
Monoamine oxidase - destroys excess NT within cell
Efficacy
max effect obtained from drug
Pharmacokinetics
Study of biological tissue absorption, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
Study of drug mechanisms of action and drug effects per concentration
Direct agonist
drug binds with and activates NT receptor
Direct antagonist
Drug bins to receptor, prevents NT from binding
indirect agonist
drug facilitates receptor action or NT synthesis
Indirect antagonist
drug interferes with receptor action or inhibits NT release
Nerve agents
Chemicals that inactivate acetylcholinesterase
VX
Deadliest nerve agent, sustained diaphragm contraction
Mark 1
Autoinjectors for VX exposure
Atropine (Step 1)
Blocks muscarinic (M2) receptor
Pralidexime chloride (Step 2)
Reactivates AchE. displaces nerve agent
