Test 3 Flashcards
The Muscle Cell Membrane
Sarcolemma
Schawnn Cells are located in the ______?
They are composed of?
PNS/ Myelin Sheath
Transmit a Muscle Impulse into the Cell’s interior _____?
Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules)
Muscles that Assist or help the Prime Mover in a particular Movement
Synergists
The common molecule to all 3 pathways is?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Order of systems in order.
Sensory, Integrative, Motor
Distal Endings of the Axon
They terminate as Synaptic Knobs and are very close to the receptive surface of another Cell. This is called?
Presynaptic Terminal
Hydrolysis and Decomposition are two other words to describe ________?
Catabolism
Functions to conduct impules away from the cell body also conveys biochemicals produced in the Cell Body. ________________
Axon
A Motor Neuron and the Muscle Fibers it controls constitute a _________?
Motor Unit
Attach Muscles to Bones
Tendons
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
Changes in the local potential of a membrane are said to be ________
EX. The amount of change in potential is Directly proportional to the Intensity of the stimulation.
Graded
Where does Processing Pyruvic Acid, Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport system take place?
Mitochondria
The function of the Neurofibrils are to ______________?
Provide Support
Stored electrical energy due to the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside is called _________?
Resting Potential
Letter D indicates
Threshold
End product of glycolysis is _________
(2) Pyruvid Acid
What is the only cellular respiration that DOES NOT require oxygen?
Glycolysis
Letter E Indicates
Hyperpolarization
Increase surface area. Allows for a greater diffusion of Neurotransmitters into cells.
Motor End Plate
Electron Transport Chain Net Gain is?
34 ATP
What stimulates Skeletal Muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
The common molecule that is produced from the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein is _________?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Refers to when the Resting Potential becomes More negative _____________.
Hyperpolarization
What detects changes in internal and external body conditions? (Touch, auditory, or visual receptors) ___________
Sensory Functions
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are assoicated with _____________ of the cell membrane.
Hyperpolarization
Composed of thick Myosin Filaments overlapping thin Actin Filaments. Held to the Z lines by a large protein called Titin (Connectin)
A Bands
Cells are less organized Function as separate units Cells function independently Contraction occurs only after stimulation by either: Motor Nerve Impulses Hormones
Multiunit Smooth Muscle
Multipolar neurons consist of?
Many nerve fibers and one axon
Portion of the Muscle Fiber Membrane in which the Sarcolemma is extensively folded. ________
Motor End Plate
Functions to transmit impulse to the Cell Body. _____________
Dendrites (Nerve Fiber)
What produces Myelin in CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Muscular Contraction in which the Muscle length changes and it produces Movement at the Joint Equal force – Change in length
Isotonic
Letter B Indicates
Depolarization
Composed of thin Actin Filaments held by direct attachments to structures called Z Lines
I bands
Acts as a hormone when secreted by cells in the Adrenal Glands. ___________
Epinephrine
Functions of the Nervous System include?
Detect changes in the body
Make decisions
Stimulate muscles or glands to respond
Refers to when the Resting Potential becomes Less Negative (more positive)
Depolarization
Holds the Tropomyosin in place. ________
Troponin
The process that allows the cell to metabolize proteins (amino acids) is _________?
Deamination
Endoplasmic Reticulum of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber (Cell)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Portion that surrounds the Muscles.
Deep Fascia
Letter A indicates
Resting Potential
Layer of dense fibrous CT that closely surrounds the entire Skeletal Muscle
Epimysium
Help support Neurons and they carry on Phagocytosis of cellular debris, waste products and pathogens
Increase in number when the tissues of CNS are injured or inflamed
Microglia
Thick filaments are called ____?
Myosin
Muscles that are Relaxed during a particular movement, but will cause an Opposite movement when stimulated
Antagonist
Pigment that is found and synthesized in Muscle Cells and gives muscles its reddish-brown color is _______
Myoglobin
End Products of Processing Pyruvic Acid is ___________?
Acetyl CoA
The Functional (Contractile) and Structural unit of a Myofibril Z line to Z line
Sacromere
The minimal strength required to elicit a muscular contraction.
Threshold Stimulus
Synthesizing materials needed by the cell and serving as a Receptive Surface for other Neurons to communicate with are functions of the __________?
Cell Body (Soma)
Red Muscles Rich in Myoglobin Generate ATP quickly Can sustain contractions for a long time.
Slow Twitch
Lies just beneath the Skin, forming the Subcutaneous layer
Subcutaneous (Superficial) Fascia
Axons that lack the Myelin Sheaths are called ________________?
Unmyelinated Axons (Gray Matter)
Neurons that carry/conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord out of the CNS to Effectors: Muscles and Glands are called?
Motor Neurons
Cytoplasm of a Skeleton Muscle Fiber (Cell) Contains numerous Mictochondria
Sarcoplasm
The function of Neuroglia are _____________?
Support the Neurons
Accessory Cells
To not conduct impulses
Accelerator Neurons do what?
Increase muscular activities
Main force of contraction that actin forms chemical complex with is __________?
Myosin
The substance that provides the Phosphate for Phosphorylation is? Primary Source
Creatine Phosphate
The gap, microscopic space, between parts of two Neurons at a Synapse is called _______?
Synaptic Cleft
This amount of energy necessary to start a Metabolic Pathway is called
Activation Energy
Lie between Two enlarged portions of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum called Cisternae. ________
Transverse Tubules
The sum total of all the chemical reactions within a cell is called
Metabolism
Myofibrils are responsible for?
Skeletal Movement
Which Nervous system is involved in conscious (voluntary) activities? Example: Skeletal muscle contraction
Somatic Nervous System
Correct sequence of cellular respiration.
- Glycolysis 2. Processing of Pyruvic Acid 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) 4. Electron Transport Chain (System)
White Muscles Reduced ability to carry on Aerobic Respiration Tend to fatigue quickly.
Fast Twitch
Threshold is located at what number ______
-55 mv
An important feature of the Myosin Head is that it contains the enzyme callled________?
ATPase
Axons that have Myelin Sheaths are called ________?
Myelinated Axons (White Matter)
The CNS (Central Nervous System) consists of?
The Brain & Spinal Cord
Most Neurons are “Amitotic” meaning what?
Unable to reproduce
The neurotransmitter that binds to Receptors (Proteins) on the Sarcolemma at the Motor End Plate is?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Thin Layer of CT that surrounds each Skeletal Muscle Cell (Fiber) and binds each Muscle Fiber to its neighbor
Endomysium
___________ causes adjacent voltage-gated Na+ channels to open.
Depolarization
Muscles store Glucose in the form of ________?
Glycogen
The process of regenerating ATP in order.
ADP + Phosphate = ATP
Muscles: Will Contract when stimulated
Glands: Will Secrete their products when stimulated
Are examples of what function?
Motor Functions
The two cell types in the Nervous System are?
Neurons & Neuroglia
All the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are ___________?
Multipolar
Glycolysis net gain is?
2 ATP
Becoming more negative for example -70mV to – 90mV represents ____________?
Hyperpolarized
Letter C Indicates
Repolarization
–Aid in the Metabolism of some substances such as Glucose
–Regulate the concentration of ions, such as potassium
–Regulate the Movement of nutrients from Blood Vessels to Neurons (Blood Brain Barrier)
Astrocytes
Functions to carry impulses into the CNS from all parts of the body. __________
Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)
Separates the Muscle Tissue into small sections. Divides the Muscle into a series of Internal Compartments
Perimysium
Microscopic Space or a small Gap between the Motor Neuron Ending and the Motor End Plate of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber. ________________
Synaptic Cleft
Skeletal Muscle Fibers are stimulated (innervated) by specialized Nerve Cells called _____
Motor Neuron
What produces Myelin in PNS?
Schawnn Cells
Usually attached to Bones and that we control by conscious effort (Voluntary). They are Striated.
Skeletal Muscle
The Peripheral Nervous System consists of?
All nerves of the body that extend to outlying or peripheral parts of the body and connect to the CNS. Includes the Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones Releases energy stored in bonds AB –> A + B
Catabolic Reactions
What type of bond holds Amino Acids together?
Peptide Bonds
Refers to when the Cell Membrane Potential is Returned to the Resting Potential.____________
Repolarization
Adding an phosphate ADP to ATP is called ________?
Phosphorylation
Form a long chain that physically covers the Binding (Active) Sites on the Actin Filament. ______
Tropomyosin
Classifications of neurons are by?
Structure, Size, Function, and Shape
If a nerve fiber responds at all it will respond Completely, this is called ___________?
All-or-None Response
If a Neuron is Depolarized sufficiently, the Membrane Potential reaches a level called ___________.
Threshold
Neurons Contain Two Kinds of Nerve Fibers called____________?
Dendrites and Axon
Function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Reservoir for Calcium Ions
How many crainal nerves are there?
12
Neural Stem Cells also exist in the _____________.
Hippocampus
Slightly lighter region centrally located in the A Band and contains only Thick Myosin Filaments
H Zone
Functions to provide protein synthesis. ____________
Chromatophilic Substance (Nissl Bodies)
Narrow gaps between adjacent Schwann Cells are called ______________?
Nodes of Ranvier
The capacity to change matter or to move something Classically defined as the ability to do Work
Energy
A junction between two neurons is called a ______________?
Synapse
Muscle responsible for producing a Particular Movement
Prime Mover
Occurs when a person pushes against the wall of a building Equal length – Change in force
Isometric
A postsynaptic neuron does what?
Recieves (Recieving Neuron)
Reactions in which larger molecules are made from smaller ones Requires an input of energy A + B –> AB
Anabolic Reactions
Potential becomes Less Negative (more positive) for example -70mV to – 62mV represents ____________?
Depolarization
Inhibitory Neurons do what?
Decrease muscular activities
Which Nervous system is involved in unconscious /subconscious activities, which are involuntary? Example: Controls viscera (organs in a body cavity) such as the heart, and various glands.
Autonomic Nervous System
A single contraction that only lasts a fraction of a second.
Twitch
Sodium and Potassium ions follow the Laws of Diffusion stated earlier and show a net movement from High concentration to Low concentration as permeabilities permit. This is called ___________________.
Laws of Diffusion
Functions:
- May transmit impulses from one part of the Brain or Spinal Cord to another
- May direct incoming impulses to appropriate regions for processing and interpreting Also transmit impulses to Motor Neurons
Interneurons
Interneurons are located _______________?
Within the Brain and Spinal Cord
The terminal end of the Motor Neuron contains many tiny __________?
Synaptic Vesicles
Net gain of glycolysis is _______?
2 ATP
Processing of Pyruvic Acid Net Gain is?
NO ATP PRODUCED (zero)
A broad, fibrous sheet of CT that serves to attach a Muscle to the coverings of an adjacent Muscle Muscle to Muscle
Aponeuroses
Pigment found in the Red Blood Cells and functions to carry Oxygen from the Lungs to the body cells and gives blood its red color is _______
Hemoglobin
The maximum number of ATP generated per Glucose molecule Varies with Cell Type and is ______?
36 ATP
Action potention or peak is located at what number ______?
+30
Where does Glycolysis take place?
Cytosol (Cytoplasm)
The amount of Oxygen needed to convert the accumulated Lactic Acid in the Liver back to Pyruvic Acid (Glucose) and to restore the supplies of ATP and Creatine Phosphate is called ___________?
Oxygen Debt
3 parts of an ATP Molecule.
Adenine, Ribose, 3 Phosphate groups
Forms the CT layer of the Serous Membranes covering Organs and lining body cavities.
Subserous Fascia
Resting Potential is located at what number ____
-70
Found in the Heart. Cells are Striated, and controlled Involuntary
Cardiac Muscle
Catabolism requires or releases cellular energy?
Releases cellular energy
The process that allows the cell to metabolize fatty acids is __________?
Beta Oxidation
What decreases the probability of producing a nerve impulse?
Hyperpolarization
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) are associated with _______________ of the cell membrane
Depolarization
Anabolism requires or releases cellular energy?
Requires cellular energy
Cells will break down Glucose (sugar) molecules through
Oxidation
Site where the ending of the Motor Neuron innervates the Skeletal Muscle Fiber is called __________?
Neuromuscular Junction
Single-unit smooth muscle; cells respond as a unit Composed of Sheets of spindle-shaped Cells held in close contact by Gap Junctions More common type of Smooth Muscle Location: Walls of Hollow Organs
Visceral Smooth Muscle
Thin filaments are called _____?
Actin
Comprise the walls of hollow Internal Organs. Their actions are Involuntary. Lack Striations.
Smooth Muscle
The function of a neuron is to ____________?
Conduct Impulses
A presynaptic neuron does what?
Transmits (Transmitting Neuron)
The process that releases Energy from molecules such as Glucose and transfers it to other molecules
Cellular Respiration
Initital substrate of Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) is _____________.
Acetyl CoA
Layers of dense CT that serve to separate individual Skeletal Muscles and hold them in place.
Fascia
Brief period of time following the passage of a Nerve Impulse when a Theshold Stimulus will not trigger another Impulse. _______________
Refractory Period
When Sarcomeres shorten, the Thick and Thin Filaments do not themselves change length.They simply Slide Past One Another. This is called __________?
The Sliding Filament Model/Theory
Dehydration Synthesis is another word to describe________?
Anabolism
Regulate the composition of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) and the presence of their long cilia keep the CSF in constant motion. ____________
Ependyma
Speed metabolic reactions by a factor of a million or more by lowering Activation Energy
Enzymes
During strenuous exercise for a prolonged period of time a Muscle may lose its Ability to Contract.
This is called ________.
Fatigue
The process by which the Impulse in the Presynaptic Neuron signals the Postsynaptic Neuron is called?
Synaptic Trasmission
This type of neuron is found in specialized parts of the eye, nose, and ears.
Bipolar neuron
