Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Test 1A (AP) > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Muscle Cell Membrane

A

Sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Schawnn Cells are located in the ______?

They are composed of?

A

PNS/ Myelin Sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Transmit a Muscle Impulse into the Cell’s interior _____?

A

Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscles that Assist or help the Prime Mover in a particular Movement

A

Synergists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The common molecule to all 3 pathways is?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Order of systems in order.

A

Sensory, Integrative, Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Distal Endings of the Axon

They terminate as Synaptic Knobs and are very close to the receptive surface of another Cell. This is called?

A

Presynaptic Terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrolysis and Decomposition are two other words to describe ________?

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functions to conduct impules away from the cell body also conveys biochemicals produced in the Cell Body. ________________

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A Motor Neuron and the Muscle Fibers it controls constitute a _________?

A

Motor Unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Attach Muscles to Bones

A

Tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Changes in the local potential of a membrane are said to be ________

EX. The amount of change in potential is Directly proportional to the Intensity of the stimulation.

A

Graded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does Processing Pyruvic Acid, Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport system take place?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The function of the Neurofibrils are to ______________?

A

Provide Support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stored electrical energy due to the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside is called _________?

A

Resting Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Letter D indicates

A

Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

End product of glycolysis is _________

A

(2) Pyruvid Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the only cellular respiration that DOES NOT require oxygen?

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Letter E Indicates

A

Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Increase surface area. Allows for a greater diffusion of Neurotransmitters into cells.

A

Motor End Plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Electron Transport Chain Net Gain is?

A

34 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What stimulates Skeletal Muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The common molecule that is produced from the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein is _________?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Refers to when the Resting Potential becomes More negative _____________.

A

Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What detects changes in internal and external body conditions? (Touch, auditory, or visual receptors) ___________

A

Sensory Functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are assoicated with _____________ of the cell membrane.

A

Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Composed of thick Myosin Filaments overlapping thin Actin Filaments. Held to the Z lines by a large protein called Titin (Connectin)

A

A Bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cells are less organized Function as separate units Cells function independently Contraction occurs only after stimulation by either: Motor Nerve Impulses Hormones

A

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Multipolar neurons consist of?

A

Many nerve fibers and one axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Portion of the Muscle Fiber Membrane in which the Sarcolemma is extensively folded. ________

A

Motor End Plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Functions to transmit impulse to the Cell Body. _____________

A

Dendrites (Nerve Fiber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What produces Myelin in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Muscular Contraction in which the Muscle length changes and it produces Movement at the Joint Equal force – Change in length

A

Isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Letter B Indicates

A

Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Composed of thin Actin Filaments held by direct attachments to structures called Z Lines

A

I bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Acts as a hormone when secreted by cells in the Adrenal Glands. ___________

A

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Functions of the Nervous System include?

A

Detect changes in the body

Make decisions

Stimulate muscles or glands to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Refers to when the Resting Potential becomes Less Negative (more positive)

A

Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Holds the Tropomyosin in place. ________

A

Troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The process that allows the cell to metabolize proteins (amino acids) is _________?

A

Deamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber (Cell)

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Portion that surrounds the Muscles.

A

Deep Fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Letter A indicates

A

Resting Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Layer of dense fibrous CT that closely surrounds the entire Skeletal Muscle

A

Epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Help support Neurons and they carry on Phagocytosis of cellular debris, waste products and pathogens

Increase in number when the tissues of CNS are injured or inflamed

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Thick filaments are called ____?

A

Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Muscles that are Relaxed during a particular movement, but will cause an Opposite movement when stimulated

A

Antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pigment that is found and synthesized in Muscle Cells and gives muscles its reddish-brown color is _______

A

Myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

End Products of Processing Pyruvic Acid is ___________?

A

Acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The Functional (Contractile) and Structural unit of a Myofibril Z line to Z line

A

Sacromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The minimal strength required to elicit a muscular contraction.

A

Threshold Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Synthesizing materials needed by the cell and serving as a Receptive Surface for other Neurons to communicate with are functions of the __________?

A

Cell Body (Soma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Red Muscles Rich in Myoglobin Generate ATP quickly Can sustain contractions for a long time.

A

Slow Twitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Lies just beneath the Skin, forming the Subcutaneous layer

A

Subcutaneous (Superficial) Fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Axons that lack the Myelin Sheaths are called ________________?

A

Unmyelinated Axons (Gray Matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Neurons that carry/conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord out of the CNS to Effectors: Muscles and Glands are called?

A

Motor Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cytoplasm of a Skeleton Muscle Fiber (Cell) Contains numerous Mictochondria

A

Sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The function of Neuroglia are _____________?

A

Support the Neurons

Accessory Cells

To not conduct impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Accelerator Neurons do what?

A

Increase muscular activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Main force of contraction that actin forms chemical complex with is __________?

A

Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The substance that provides the Phosphate for Phosphorylation is? Primary Source

A

Creatine Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The gap, microscopic space, between parts of two Neurons at a Synapse is called _______?

A

Synaptic Cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

This amount of energy necessary to start a Metabolic Pathway is called

A

Activation Energy

65
Q

Lie between Two enlarged portions of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum called Cisternae. ________

A

Transverse Tubules

66
Q

The sum total of all the chemical reactions within a cell is called

A

Metabolism

67
Q

Myofibrils are responsible for?

A

Skeletal Movement

68
Q

Which Nervous system is involved in conscious (voluntary) activities? Example: Skeletal muscle contraction

A

Somatic Nervous System

69
Q

Correct sequence of cellular respiration.

A
  1. Glycolysis 2. Processing of Pyruvic Acid 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) 4. Electron Transport Chain (System)
70
Q

White Muscles Reduced ability to carry on Aerobic Respiration Tend to fatigue quickly.

A

Fast Twitch

71
Q

Threshold is located at what number ______

A

-55 mv

72
Q

An important feature of the Myosin Head is that it contains the enzyme callled________?

A

ATPase

73
Q

Axons that have Myelin Sheaths are called ________?

A

Myelinated Axons (White Matter)

74
Q

The CNS (Central Nervous System) consists of?

A

The Brain & Spinal Cord

75
Q

Most Neurons are “Amitotic” meaning what?

A

Unable to reproduce

76
Q

The neurotransmitter that binds to Receptors (Proteins) on the Sarcolemma at the Motor End Plate is?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

77
Q

Thin Layer of CT that surrounds each Skeletal Muscle Cell (Fiber) and binds each Muscle Fiber to its neighbor

A

Endomysium

78
Q

___________ causes adjacent voltage-gated Na+ channels to open.

A

Depolarization

79
Q

Muscles store Glucose in the form of ________?

A

Glycogen

80
Q

The process of regenerating ATP in order.

A

ADP + Phosphate = ATP

81
Q

Muscles: Will Contract when stimulated

Glands: Will Secrete their products when stimulated

Are examples of what function?

A

Motor Functions

82
Q

The two cell types in the Nervous System are?

A

Neurons & Neuroglia

83
Q

All the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are ___________?

A

Multipolar

84
Q

Glycolysis net gain is?

A

2 ATP

85
Q

Becoming more negative for example -70mV to – 90mV represents ____________?

A

Hyperpolarized

86
Q

Letter C Indicates

A

Repolarization

87
Q

–Aid in the Metabolism of some substances such as Glucose

–Regulate the concentration of ions, such as potassium

–Regulate the Movement of nutrients from Blood Vessels to Neurons (Blood Brain Barrier)

A

Astrocytes

88
Q

Functions to carry impulses into the CNS from all parts of the body. __________

A

Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)

89
Q

Separates the Muscle Tissue into small sections. Divides the Muscle into a series of Internal Compartments

A

Perimysium

90
Q

Microscopic Space or a small Gap between the Motor Neuron Ending and the Motor End Plate of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber. ________________

A

Synaptic Cleft

91
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fibers are stimulated (innervated) by specialized Nerve Cells called _____

A

Motor Neuron

92
Q

What produces Myelin in PNS?

A

Schawnn Cells

93
Q

Usually attached to Bones and that we control by conscious effort (Voluntary). They are Striated.

A

Skeletal Muscle

94
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System consists of?

A

All nerves of the body that extend to outlying or peripheral parts of the body and connect to the CNS. Includes the Cranial and Spinal Nerves

95
Q

Reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones Releases energy stored in bonds AB –> A + B

A

Catabolic Reactions

96
Q

What type of bond holds Amino Acids together?

A

Peptide Bonds

97
Q

Refers to when the Cell Membrane Potential is Returned to the Resting Potential.____________

A

Repolarization

98
Q

Adding an phosphate ADP to ATP is called ________?

A

Phosphorylation

99
Q

Form a long chain that physically covers the Binding (Active) Sites on the Actin Filament. ______

A

Tropomyosin

100
Q

Classifications of neurons are by?

A

Structure, Size, Function, and Shape

101
Q

If a nerve fiber responds at all it will respond Completely, this is called ___________?

A

All-or-None Response

102
Q

If a Neuron is Depolarized sufficiently, the Membrane Potential reaches a level called ___________.

A

Threshold

103
Q

Neurons Contain Two Kinds of Nerve Fibers called____________?

A

Dendrites and Axon

104
Q

Function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Reservoir for Calcium Ions

105
Q

How many crainal nerves are there?

A

12

106
Q

Neural Stem Cells also exist in the _____________.

A

Hippocampus

107
Q

Slightly lighter region centrally located in the A Band and contains only Thick Myosin Filaments

A

H Zone

108
Q

Functions to provide protein synthesis. ____________

A

Chromatophilic Substance (Nissl Bodies)

109
Q

Narrow gaps between adjacent Schwann Cells are called ______________?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

110
Q

The capacity to change matter or to move something Classically defined as the ability to do Work

A

Energy

111
Q

A junction between two neurons is called a ______________?

A

Synapse

112
Q

Muscle responsible for producing a Particular Movement

A

Prime Mover

113
Q

Occurs when a person pushes against the wall of a building Equal length – Change in force

A

Isometric

114
Q

A postsynaptic neuron does what?

A

Recieves (Recieving Neuron)

115
Q

Reactions in which larger molecules are made from smaller ones Requires an input of energy A + B –> AB

A

Anabolic Reactions

116
Q

Potential becomes Less Negative (more positive) for example -70mV to – 62mV represents ____________?

A

Depolarization

117
Q

Inhibitory Neurons do what?

A

Decrease muscular activities

118
Q

Which Nervous system is involved in unconscious /subconscious activities, which are involuntary? Example: Controls viscera (organs in a body cavity) such as the heart, and various glands.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

119
Q

A single contraction that only lasts a fraction of a second.

A

Twitch

120
Q

Sodium and Potassium ions follow the Laws of Diffusion stated earlier and show a net movement from High concentration to Low concentration as permeabilities permit. This is called ___________________.

A

Laws of Diffusion

121
Q

Functions:

  1. May transmit impulses from one part of the Brain or Spinal Cord to another
  2. May direct incoming impulses to appropriate regions for processing and interpreting Also transmit impulses to Motor Neurons
A

Interneurons

122
Q

Interneurons are located _______________?

A

Within the Brain and Spinal Cord

123
Q

The terminal end of the Motor Neuron contains many tiny __________?

A

Synaptic Vesicles

124
Q

Net gain of glycolysis is _______?

A

2 ATP

125
Q

Processing of Pyruvic Acid Net Gain is?

A

NO ATP PRODUCED (zero)

126
Q

A broad, fibrous sheet of CT that serves to attach a Muscle to the coverings of an adjacent Muscle Muscle to Muscle

A

Aponeuroses

127
Q

Pigment found in the Red Blood Cells and functions to carry Oxygen from the Lungs to the body cells and gives blood its red color is _______

A

Hemoglobin

128
Q

The maximum number of ATP generated per Glucose molecule Varies with Cell Type and is ______?

A

36 ATP

129
Q

Action potention or peak is located at what number ______?

A

+30

130
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

131
Q

The amount of Oxygen needed to convert the accumulated Lactic Acid in the Liver back to Pyruvic Acid (Glucose) and to restore the supplies of ATP and Creatine Phosphate is called ___________?

A

Oxygen Debt

132
Q

3 parts of an ATP Molecule.

A

Adenine, Ribose, 3 Phosphate groups

133
Q

Forms the CT layer of the Serous Membranes covering Organs and lining body cavities.

A

Subserous Fascia

134
Q

Resting Potential is located at what number ____

A

-70

135
Q

Found in the Heart. Cells are Striated, and controlled Involuntary

A

Cardiac Muscle

136
Q

Catabolism requires or releases cellular energy?

A

Releases cellular energy

137
Q

The process that allows the cell to metabolize fatty acids is __________?

A

Beta Oxidation

138
Q

What decreases the probability of producing a nerve impulse?

A

Hyperpolarization

139
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) are associated with _______________ of the cell membrane

A

Depolarization

140
Q

Anabolism requires or releases cellular energy?

A

Requires cellular energy

141
Q

Cells will break down Glucose (sugar) molecules through

A

Oxidation

142
Q

Site where the ending of the Motor Neuron innervates the Skeletal Muscle Fiber is called __________?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

143
Q

Single-unit smooth muscle; cells respond as a unit Composed of Sheets of spindle-shaped Cells held in close contact by Gap Junctions More common type of Smooth Muscle Location: Walls of Hollow Organs

A

Visceral Smooth Muscle

144
Q

Thin filaments are called _____?

A

Actin

145
Q

Comprise the walls of hollow Internal Organs. Their actions are Involuntary. Lack Striations.

A

Smooth Muscle

146
Q

The function of a neuron is to ____________?

A

Conduct Impulses

147
Q

A presynaptic neuron does what?

A

Transmits (Transmitting Neuron)

148
Q

The process that releases Energy from molecules such as Glucose and transfers it to other molecules

A

Cellular Respiration

149
Q

Initital substrate of Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) is _____________.

A

Acetyl CoA

150
Q

Layers of dense CT that serve to separate individual Skeletal Muscles and hold them in place.

A

Fascia

151
Q

Brief period of time following the passage of a Nerve Impulse when a Theshold Stimulus will not trigger another Impulse. _______________

A

Refractory Period

152
Q

When Sarcomeres shorten, the Thick and Thin Filaments do not themselves change length.They simply Slide Past One Another. This is called __________?

A

The Sliding Filament Model/Theory

153
Q

Dehydration Synthesis is another word to describe________?

A

Anabolism

154
Q

Regulate the composition of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) and the presence of their long cilia keep the CSF in constant motion. ____________

A

Ependyma

155
Q

Speed metabolic reactions by a factor of a million or more by lowering Activation Energy

A

Enzymes

156
Q

During strenuous exercise for a prolonged period of time a Muscle may lose its Ability to Contract.

This is called ________.

A

Fatigue

157
Q

The process by which the Impulse in the Presynaptic Neuron signals the Postsynaptic Neuron is called?

A

Synaptic Trasmission

158
Q

This type of neuron is found in specialized parts of the eye, nose, and ears.

A

Bipolar neuron

Test 1A (AP) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions