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Entomology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Disadvantages of wind pollination

A

Untargeted
Decreased likelihood of out-crossing
Much larger production of pollen needed
Plants don’t disperse well

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2
Q

Advantages of wind pollination

A

No dependence on a “third party”

No need to supply “reward”

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3
Q

Advantages of insect pollination

A

Facilitates out-crossing

Coupled with seed dispersal by birds and other factors, help plant colonize new habitats more rapidly

Reliable dispersal facilitated plant specialization

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4
Q

Disadvantages of insect pollination

A

Third party involved

Plant must produce reward

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5
Q

What is nectar?

A

Rich in sugars

Amino acids, proteins, and lipids

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6
Q

How do plants reward pollinators for services?

A

Plant gets its pollen transferred from anthers to stigmas

Pollen is a reward with lipid, starch, or protein

Nectar is an important food reward

Nectar from floral and extra-floral nectaries

Edible flower parts are another reward

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7
Q

Non edible pollinator rewards

A 
Heat 
-usually involves beetles 
-flowers metabolize lipids and starches 
-includes water lilies 
-heat helps disperse scents
-5 C temp. Diff. 
Insect mimics
-orchids
-wasp, ants deceived by plants
-flower mimics female
  -scent and sight
Other mimics
-flowers mimic other flowers that offer rewards
-smells like a dead animal and attracts flies
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8
Q

What are the costs of the pollinator?

A 
Energy
-thermoregulation
-traveling
-extraction of reward
Risks
-exposure to predators/parasites
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9
Q

What are the costs to the plant?

Pollination

A

Resources to produce reward
Risks of being robbed
Attraction of herbivores

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10
Q

Beetles pollination patterns

A

Clumsy flier
Hard exoskeleton
Usually associated with bowl plants like magnolias

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11
Q

Flies pollination patterns

A

Some have elongated mouthparts
Flowers are typically shallow with nectar exposed
Flowers are often drab or white with “bad” smell (dying animal, poop)

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12
Q

Lepidoptera pollination patterns

A

Have long tongue

Flowers erect with place to land
Sweet odors
Colorful-red is common
Moth flowers have less color but more odor

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13
Q

Bees pollination patterns

A

Bees are largest group of efficient pollinators

Both sexes take nectar

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14
Q

Bee adaptations for plant interactions

A 
Plumose hairs
Pollen transport structures
Modifications of the tongue
Diet of nectar and pollen
Social behavior in some species
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15
Q

Plant adaptations for bees

A 
Colors in bees range of vision
    Uv reflectance common
    Red uncommon for bee flowers 
Separate petals
Odors
Open at certain times
Landing platform
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16
Q

Butterfly life cycle

A 
Egg-few days
Larva-a few weeks
    Wandering phase-looking for a place to pupate
Pupa-variable 
Adult-a few weeks
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17
Q

Butterfly overwintering

A

Different types of Lepidoptera spend the winter in each life stage
Some do not overwinter;they spend the winter in warmer climates

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18
Q

Lepidoptera food principles

A 
Larval food depends on species
Adult food-continuous nectar sources
Other adults need 
   -water, minerals, resting places, sunbasking on stones 
Adults feed in sunshine
Water/mineral sources must be shallow
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19
Q

Insecticide principles

Lepidoptera

A

Don’t use insecticide on larval or adult food sources
Most insecticides are broad spectrum
-kill many types of insects

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20
Q

Lepidoptera principles

Flower attraction

A

Adults are attracted to red, yellow, orange, pink, and purple blossoms that are flat-topped, clustered, and have short flower tubes

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21
Q

Good butterfly plants

A

Diversity is good
Native plants are important
-coevolution of plants and butterflies
-butterflies may be fooled but larvae don’t survive

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22
Q

Common GA butterflies

A

Monarch

Larval food-milkweed

23
Q

Viceroy butterfly

A

Mimics poisonous monarch

Viceroys are also poisonous

24
Q

Phytophagous insects

A

Approx. 50% of all insect species feed on plants

Insects are the dominant herbivores on the planet

25
Phytophagous feeding patterns
External feeders - consume foliage, fruit, and roots directly - suck plant juices - examples:grasshoppers
26
Internal feeders
``` Only endopterygotes -complete metamorphosis Almost always larvae Borers -chew into stem ```
27
Gall insects
Galls-caused by abnormal growth of plant cells Insect galls-wasps, aphids, thrips, moth caterpillars, beetles Open galls-leaf grows around insect colony ex:aphids thrips Closed galls-no opening -typically larvae inside(endopterygotes)
28
Leaf miners
Larvae feed inside the lead Only larvae Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
29
Categories of insect herbivores
Generalists feed on multiple species of plants -most feed on less than 3 families of plants Specialists may feed on a single species -creosote bush grasshopper -gulf fritillary and Passion flower
30
Antixenosis
Chemicals that deter feeding
31
Antibiosis
Have some kind of toxic effect on the insect when consumed
32
Allelochemical
Produced by one species, toxic to another
33
Plant chemical defenses-non protein amino acids
about 1000 known, hundreds from plants Found abundantly in legumes, especially in seeds, where they can be found in quite high concentrations. One function is nitrogen storage in seeds. Toxicity - Direct toxicity from the amino acid or its breakdown products - Some interfere with neurotransmitter molecules - breakdown products of some may inhibit essential cellular process - may interfere with absorption of water, leading to desiccation
34
Plant chemical defenses-cyanogenic glycosides
Store the cyanide molecule Cyanide gas is released when the plant is damaged -toxicity based upon the inhibition electron transport chain(energy) Examples: wild cherry, almonds, Lima beans
35
Plant chemical defenses-alkaloids
More than 10,000 identified 1/3 of plants have them Toxicity - interference with DNA replication, transcription, translation - enzyme inhibition - receptor site blocking-the common mode of action in opiates - often sugar mimics-may be inhibitors of glycosidase enzymes Examples:morphine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, cocoa
36
Plant chemical defenses-proteinase inhibitors
Often inducible Toxicity-interferences with protein digestion Found in legumes, grasses, solanaceous plants(tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco)
37
Plant chemical defenses-terpenoids
Often repellent, bitter, toxic Toxicity affect cell membranes and enzyme activity Examples-catnip, cinnamon, cloves
38
Plant chemical defenses-insect hormone analogs
3 groups - Ecdysis inhibitors interfere with the insect's ability to molt (ferns and yews) - Chiron synthetase inhibitors interfere with building a new exoskeleton (beans and many others) - juvenile hormone analogs prevent the insect from receiving the proper hormonal signal for the final molt to adult
39
Plant chemical defenses- tannins and lignins
Tannins small and water soluble. Lignins large insoluble polyphenol polymers associated with cell wall strengthening and protection from funghi Toxicity - astringency (withdraws water) may deter feeding - may form complexes with dietary proteins and prevent assimilation - may interfere with peroxidase activity and thus activate oxygen molecules, which are often very damaging cells
40
Plant defense-tolerance
Withstand damage without compromising fitness (reproductive success) Many physiological processes involved Soybean defoliation
41
Allelochemicals: how do insects cope? Avoidance
Avoidance:just don't eat them -if an insect can recognize a toxin, it can avoid it Feed on specific parts: proper "ratio" of nutrition to allelochemicals
42
Allelochemicals: how do insects cope? Leaf trenching and petiole girdling
Leaf trenching and petiole girdling - resins come out of leaf when they are damaged - some insects girdle the petiole or cut trenches in the leaf to avoid when feeding l
43
Allelochemicals: how do insects cope? Reduction of influence
Reduce influence of toxins after ingestion - alkaline midguts
44
Allelochemicals: how do insects cope? Sequestration
Sequestration of toxic compounds | -sequestration:hold chemical in special tissues or structures where it cannot interfere with metabolism
45
Allelochemicals: how do insects cope? Internal detoxification systems
Animals have water based excretory systems Mixed function oxidases -
46
Plant chemistry and the evolution of host specificity
Most insect specifies feed on a single plant family | -only 10% feed on more than 3 families
47
Plants call for help
When attacked, many plants release volatile organic compounds Chemicals may repel pests Chemicals may attract predators/parasitoids
48
Insects as disease vectors of plants
Insects transmit many disease organisms to plants and animals
49
Ways insects transmit disease
Mechanical-disease agent comes in contact with insect mouthparts, feet, etc. and is carried along Circulatory-pathogen spends part of its life cycle in the insect -ingested, circulates, ultimately ends up in salivary glands and transmits when feeds Phytotoxemia plants show symptoms as a consequence of toxins injected by the insect
50
Important insect vectors
Hemiptera and Thysanoptera | Aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies. And Thrips
51
Plant viral diseases
Tomato spot wilt virus | Plant viral diseases are transmitted by insects
52
Plant mechanical defense example
Tree hoppers looking like thorns
53
Chemical plant defense example
Caffeine
54
Tolerance plant defense example
Withstanding/outgrowing

Entomology (5 decks)

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