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Entomology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Disadvantages of wind pollination

A

Untargeted
Decreased likelihood of out-crossing
Much larger production of pollen needed
Plants don’t disperse well

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2
Q

Advantages of wind pollination

A

No dependence on a “third party”

No need to supply “reward”

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3
Q

Advantages of insect pollination

A

Facilitates out-crossing

Coupled with seed dispersal by birds and other factors, help plant colonize new habitats more rapidly

Reliable dispersal facilitated plant specialization

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4
Q

Disadvantages of insect pollination

A

Third party involved

Plant must produce reward

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5
Q

What is nectar?

A

Rich in sugars

Amino acids, proteins, and lipids

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6
Q

How do plants reward pollinators for services?

A

Plant gets its pollen transferred from anthers to stigmas

Pollen is a reward with lipid, starch, or protein

Nectar is an important food reward

Nectar from floral and extra-floral nectaries

Edible flower parts are another reward

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7
Q

Non edible pollinator rewards

A 
Heat 
-usually involves beetles 
-flowers metabolize lipids and starches 
-includes water lilies 
-heat helps disperse scents
-5 C temp. Diff. 
Insect mimics
-orchids
-wasp, ants deceived by plants
-flower mimics female
  -scent and sight
Other mimics
-flowers mimic other flowers that offer rewards
-smells like a dead animal and attracts flies
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8
Q

What are the costs of the pollinator?

A 
Energy
-thermoregulation
-traveling
-extraction of reward
Risks
-exposure to predators/parasites
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9
Q

What are the costs to the plant?

Pollination

A

Resources to produce reward
Risks of being robbed
Attraction of herbivores

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10
Q

Beetles pollination patterns

A

Clumsy flier
Hard exoskeleton
Usually associated with bowl plants like magnolias

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11
Q

Flies pollination patterns

A

Some have elongated mouthparts
Flowers are typically shallow with nectar exposed
Flowers are often drab or white with “bad” smell (dying animal, poop)

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12
Q

Lepidoptera pollination patterns

A

Have long tongue

Flowers erect with place to land
Sweet odors
Colorful-red is common
Moth flowers have less color but more odor

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13
Q

Bees pollination patterns

A

Bees are largest group of efficient pollinators

Both sexes take nectar

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14
Q

Bee adaptations for plant interactions

A 
Plumose hairs
Pollen transport structures
Modifications of the tongue
Diet of nectar and pollen
Social behavior in some species
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15
Q

Plant adaptations for bees

A 
Colors in bees range of vision
    Uv reflectance common
    Red uncommon for bee flowers 
Separate petals
Odors
Open at certain times
Landing platform
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16
Q

Butterfly life cycle

A 
Egg-few days
Larva-a few weeks
    Wandering phase-looking for a place to pupate
Pupa-variable 
Adult-a few weeks
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17
Q

Butterfly overwintering

A

Different types of Lepidoptera spend the winter in each life stage
Some do not overwinter;they spend the winter in warmer climates

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18
Q

Lepidoptera food principles

A 
Larval food depends on species
Adult food-continuous nectar sources
Other adults need 
   -water, minerals, resting places, sunbasking on stones 
Adults feed in sunshine
Water/mineral sources must be shallow
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19
Q

Insecticide principles

Lepidoptera

A

Don’t use insecticide on larval or adult food sources
Most insecticides are broad spectrum
-kill many types of insects

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20
Q

Lepidoptera principles

Flower attraction

A

Adults are attracted to red, yellow, orange, pink, and purple blossoms that are flat-topped, clustered, and have short flower tubes

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21
Q

Good butterfly plants

A

Diversity is good
Native plants are important
-coevolution of plants and butterflies
-butterflies may be fooled but larvae don’t survive

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22
Q

Common GA butterflies

A

Monarch

Larval food-milkweed

23
Q

Viceroy butterfly

A

Mimics poisonous monarch

Viceroys are also poisonous

24
Q

Phytophagous insects

A

Approx. 50% of all insect species feed on plants

Insects are the dominant herbivores on the planet

25
Q

Phytophagous feeding patterns

A

External feeders

  • consume foliage, fruit, and roots directly
  • suck plant juices
  • examples:grasshoppers
26
Q

Internal feeders

A 
Only endopterygotes
-complete metamorphosis 
Almost always larvae 
Borers
-chew into stem
27
Q

Gall insects

A

Galls-caused by abnormal growth of plant cells
Insect galls-wasps, aphids, thrips, moth caterpillars, beetles
Open galls-leaf grows around insect colony ex:aphids thrips
Closed galls-no opening
-typically larvae inside(endopterygotes)

28
Q

Leaf miners

A

Larvae feed inside the lead
Only larvae
Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

29
Q

Categories of insect herbivores

A

Generalists feed on multiple species of plants
-most feed on less than 3 families of plants
Specialists may feed on a single species
-creosote bush grasshopper
-gulf fritillary and Passion flower

30
Q

Antixenosis

A

Chemicals that deter feeding

31
Q

Antibiosis

A

Have some kind of toxic effect on the insect when consumed

32
Q

Allelochemical

A

Produced by one species, toxic to another

33
Q

Plant chemical defenses-non protein amino acids

A

about 1000 known, hundreds from plants

Found abundantly in legumes, especially in seeds, where they can be found in quite high concentrations. One function is nitrogen storage in seeds.

Toxicity

  • Direct toxicity from the amino acid or its breakdown products
  • Some interfere with neurotransmitter molecules
  • breakdown products of some may inhibit essential cellular process
  • may interfere with absorption of water, leading to desiccation
34
Q

Plant chemical defenses-cyanogenic glycosides

A

Store the cyanide molecule
Cyanide gas is released when the plant is damaged
-toxicity based upon the inhibition electron transport chain(energy)
Examples: wild cherry, almonds, Lima beans

35
Q

Plant chemical defenses-alkaloids

A

More than 10,000 identified
1/3 of plants have them

Toxicity

  • interference with DNA replication, transcription, translation
  • enzyme inhibition
  • receptor site blocking-the common mode of action in opiates
  • often sugar mimics-may be inhibitors of glycosidase enzymes

Examples:morphine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, cocoa

36
Q

Plant chemical defenses-proteinase inhibitors

A

Often inducible
Toxicity-interferences with protein digestion
Found in legumes, grasses, solanaceous plants(tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco)

37
Q

Plant chemical defenses-terpenoids

A

Often repellent, bitter, toxic
Toxicity affect cell membranes and enzyme activity
Examples-catnip, cinnamon, cloves

38
Q

Plant chemical defenses-insect hormone analogs

A

3 groups

  • Ecdysis inhibitors interfere with the insect’s ability to molt (ferns and yews)
  • Chiron synthetase inhibitors interfere with building a new exoskeleton (beans and many others)
  • juvenile hormone analogs prevent the insect from receiving the proper hormonal signal for the final molt to adult
39
Q

Plant chemical defenses- tannins and lignins

A

Tannins small and water soluble.
Lignins large insoluble polyphenol polymers associated with cell wall strengthening and protection from funghi

Toxicity

  • astringency (withdraws water) may deter feeding
  • may form complexes with dietary proteins and prevent assimilation
  • may interfere with peroxidase activity and thus activate oxygen molecules, which are often very damaging cells
40
Q

Plant defense-tolerance

A

Withstand damage without compromising fitness (reproductive success)

Many physiological processes involved
Soybean defoliation

41
Q

Allelochemicals: how do insects cope?

Avoidance

A

Avoidance:just don’t eat them
-if an insect can recognize a toxin, it can avoid it
Feed on specific parts: proper “ratio” of nutrition to allelochemicals

42
Q

Allelochemicals: how do insects cope?

Leaf trenching and petiole girdling

A

Leaf trenching and petiole girdling

  • resins come out of leaf when they are damaged
  • some insects girdle the petiole or cut trenches in the leaf to avoid when feeding l
43
Q

Allelochemicals: how do insects cope?

Reduction of influence

A

Reduce influence of toxins after ingestion - alkaline midguts

44
Q

Allelochemicals: how do insects cope?

Sequestration

A

Sequestration of toxic compounds

-sequestration:hold chemical in special tissues or structures where it cannot interfere with metabolism

45
Q

Allelochemicals: how do insects cope?

Internal detoxification systems

A

Animals have water based excretory systems

46
Q

Plant chemistry and the evolution of host specificity

A

Most insect specifies feed on a single plant family

-only 10% feed on more than 3 families

47
Q

Plants call for help

A

When attacked, many plants release volatile organic compounds
Chemicals may repel pests
Chemicals may attract predators/parasitoids

48
Q

Insects as disease vectors of plants

A

Insects transmit many disease organisms to plants and animals

49
Q

Ways insects transmit disease

A

Mechanical-disease agent comes in contact with insect mouthparts, feet, etc. and is carried along
Circulatory-pathogen spends part of its life cycle in the insect
-ingested, circulates, ultimately ends up in salivary glands and transmits when feeds
Phytotoxemia plants show symptoms as a consequence of toxins injected by the insect

50
Q

Important insect vectors

A

Hemiptera and Thysanoptera

Aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies. And Thrips

51
Q

Plant viral diseases

A

Tomato spot wilt virus

Plant viral diseases are transmitted by insects

52
Q

Plant mechanical defense example

A

Tree hoppers looking like thorns

53
Q

Chemical plant defense example

A

Caffeine

54
Q

Tolerance plant defense example

A

Withstanding/outgrowing

Entomology (5 decks)

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