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Entomology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Hymenoptera

A

Four wings, hind wings smaller

Primarily chewing type mouthparts
Bees form tongue like structure

Ovipositor sometimes modified into a sting (females only)

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1
Q

Trichoptera

A

Pupate in case-adults must swim to the top

Closely related to Lepidoptera

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2
Q

Hymenoptera social?

A

Many social as well as solitary species

Many bees and ant species are eusocial, with workers, soldiers, reproductives

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3
Q

Hymenoptera and sex

A

Haploid/diploid
Diploid-full complement of chromosomes
Haploid-only chromosomes from the female parent

Males produced from unfertilized eggs
Females come from fertilized eggs

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4
Q

Family Formicidae - the ants

A

About 9000 sp globally
Social insects
Colonies can exist for years

What defines an ant colony?
Queen-may be several
Workers, soldiers-all female
Males live just long enough to mate

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5
Q

Argentine Ants: Global power?

A

Colony stretches 3,700 miles across Europe
California colony covers 560 miles
Japan super colony
Are they all one monster colony?

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6
Q

Fire Ants

A

Over the entire Southern U.S.
Imported probably in the 1920s or 30s
Came from S. America
Females bite and sting

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7
Q

Forming a new ant colony

A

Swarming depends on warmth/humidity
Mating occurs in the air
New queens lose wings. Males die.

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8
Q

Managing Fire Ants

A 
Use broadcast treatment spring and fall
  Baits (food plus poison)
  Broadcast insecticides 
Treat individual mounds 
  Baits
  Insecticides
  Insecticide or boiling water drenches
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9
Q

Leaf Cutter Ants

A 
Nearly all tropical
Few animals known to grow own food
Pieces of leaves are brought into colony
Fungus is grown on the leaves
Fungus is ants only resource
Fungus and ants not known to live separately
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10
Q

Parasitoids

A

Predators kill and eat multiple pray
Parasites do not usually kill their hosts
Parasitoids lay eggs near or in host
Host is ultimately killed

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11
Q

Parasitoid wasps

A

Parasitoid wasps are solitary
Not aggressive
Females lay eggs in host
Parasitism specialize in one or a few types of prey

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12
Q

Order Hymenoptera: Family Sphecidae(mud daubers)

A 
Females make mud nests
They provision the nests with spiders
    The larvae develop on spiders
Often build in the same site for years
Females can sting, but they are unagressive
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13
Q

Mud daubers

3 species to know in GA

A 
Organ pipe mud daubers-
    Prefer orb weaver spiders
Black and yellow mud daubers-
   Nest is an unshaped lump
   Prefer spiders found around vegetation-jumping spiders, crab spiders

Blue mud daubers
Take over old nests of other mud daubers
Prefer black widows and brown widows

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14
Q

Bumblebees hornets yellow jackets paper wasps

A

These form a social colony-not permanent

Fertilized females overwinter and start new nests in spring
The males and all the other females die in cold weather

In mild cold seasons, a colony may persist for several years

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15
Q

Integument

A

Outer layer of worm is chitin

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16
Q

Resilin

A

Elastic

Can store energy

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17
Q

Chitin

A

A sugar polymer

Provides toughness and flexibility

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18
Q

Molting
Or
Ecdysis

A

Only Immatures molt
Instars-period in between molts
Ecdysone-molting hormone

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19
Q

Insect growth

A

Juvenile hormone

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20
Q

Shedding the old skin

A

Insect distends with air or water
Ptilinum-inflatable sac on some flies
Insect distends after leaving old skin

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21
Q

Three sections of digestion/excretion

A

Stomodeum

Mesenteron

Proctodeum

(Front to back)

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22
Q

Stomodeum

A

Ingestion and digestion

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23
Q

Mesenteron

A

Not lined with chitin

Absorption

24
Q

Proctodeum

A

Lined with chitin

Removes waste, regulates water, urea salts

25
Q

Filter chamber

A

Specialized structure that allows fluid feeders to obtain more nutrients

Increases absorption area

Some hemipterans:aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies

26
Q

Digestion/excretion

A

Insect digestive system is typically made up of three sections
Stomodeum:ingestion,digestion
Mesenteron:absorption
Proctodeum:excretion,regulation

Some fluid feeders also have filter chambers to improve nutrient uptake

Aquatic/semiaquatic insects-ammonia waste

Terrestial insects-solid uric acid

27
Q

Digestion and role of bacteria

A

Cellulose

few insects produce cellulase
Bacteria-few beetles
Protozoans-termites,roaches

28
Q

Respiration

A

Relies heavily on diffusion

29
Q

Spiracles

A

Up to ten pairs

One pair per segment

30
Q

Circulation

A

Circulatory system does not transport O2 but distributes and filters
Insect blood is called hemolymph
Insects have an open circulatory system
Blood dumps at the end of aorta
Circulation is facilitated by the heart or dosal aorta

31
Q

Insect nervous system

A

Central nervous system

Stomatogastric nervous system

32
Q

Central nervous system

A

Neuron groups form ganglia

CNS:brain and segmental ganglia

Thoracic ganglia control legs/wings

33
Q

CNS: Protocerebrum

A

vision,integration of multiple behaviors

34
Q

CNS: deutocerebrum

A

Antennas inputs

35
Q

CNS: Tritocerebrum

A

Connects to stomatogastric system; integrates input from other brain lobes

36
Q

CNS:subesophageal ganglion

A

Mouthparts, salivary glands, neck muscles

37
Q

Insect vision

A

Simple eyes-ocelli and stemmata

Compound eye

38
Q

Ocelli

A

Do not detect images but rather changes in light intensity

39
Q

Stemmata

A

Form images equivalent in quality to compound eye with much less ‘hardware”

Found in holometabolous larvae and other forms lacking compound eyes

40
Q

Insect chemoreception

A

Taste and odor

May occur in mouthparts, legs, antennae, and ovipositors

41
Q

Insect hearing

A

Insects hear with tympana

Usually located between the thorax and abdomen, but may be elsewhere

42
Q

Insect and plants

A

About half of all insect spp are phytophagous meaning feed on plants

Key primary plant consumers competing with humans

Phytophagy has evolved repeatedly, probably from scavenging

43
Q

Coevolution definition

A

Evolution of one group affects evolution of another group

44
Q

Effects on plants from insects

A

Many interactions are not detrimental to plant

45
Q

Types of interactions

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Predation, parasitism, parasites
Competition

46
Q

Mutualism

A

+ and +

47
Q

Commensalism

A

+ and 0

48
Q

Predation, parasitoids, parasites

A

+ and -

49
Q

Competition

A
  • and -
50
Q

Insect/plant coevolution first interaction

A

Herbivory and accidental pollen transfer

51
Q

Beetles

A

Important early pollinators

Well diversified in the Mesozoic era

Beetles may eat ovules of plant that was pollinated

52
Q

Coevolution steps

A

Plant odor to attract insects from a distance

Flower color-insects’ color vision

Role of homopteran honeydew-
Aphids need protection so they secrete it as a form of food for the ants

53
Q

Pollination

A

Pollen onto receptive stigma

Wind pollination

Mechanical transfer
Usually by insects
Birds, bats, and other animals can also be pollinators

54
Q

Disadvantage of wind pollination

A

Untargeted
Decreased likelihood of out-crossing
Much larger production of pollen needed
Plants don’t disperse well

55
Q

Advantages of wind pollination

A

Not dependent on a “third party”

No need to supply “reward”

56
Q

Advantages of insect pollination

A

Facilitates out-crossing, even if plants very dispersed
Coupled with seed dispersal by birds and other factors, helps plant colonize new habitats more rapidly
Reliable dispersal facilitated plant specialization-greater diversification

57
Q

Disadvantages of insect pollination

A

Third party involved

Plant must produce reward

Entomology (5 decks)

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