Test 2 Flashcards by Tyler Smith

Hymenoptera

Four wings, hind wings smaller

Primarily chewing type mouthparts
Bees form tongue like structure

Ovipositor sometimes modified into a sting (females only)

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Trichoptera

Pupate in case-adults must swim to the top

Closely related to Lepidoptera

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Hymenoptera social?

Many social as well as solitary species

Many bees and ant species are eusocial, with workers, soldiers, reproductives

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Hymenoptera and sex

Haploid/diploid
Diploid-full complement of chromosomes
Haploid-only chromosomes from the female parent

Males produced from unfertilized eggs
Females come from fertilized eggs

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Family Formicidae - the ants

About 9000 sp globally
Social insects
Colonies can exist for years

What defines an ant colony?
Queen-may be several
Workers, soldiers-all female
Males live just long enough to mate

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Argentine Ants: Global power?

Colony stretches 3,700 miles across Europe
California colony covers 560 miles
Japan super colony
Are they all one monster colony?

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Fire Ants

Over the entire Southern U.S.
Imported probably in the 1920s or 30s
Came from S. America
Females bite and sting

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Forming a new ant colony

Swarming depends on warmth/humidity
Mating occurs in the air
New queens lose wings. Males die.

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Managing Fire Ants

Use broadcast treatment spring and fall
  Baits (food plus poison)
  Broadcast insecticides 
Treat individual mounds 
  Baits
  Insecticides
  Insecticide or boiling water drenches

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Leaf Cutter Ants

Nearly all tropical
Few animals known to grow own food
Pieces of leaves are brought into colony
Fungus is grown on the leaves
Fungus is ants only resource
Fungus and ants not known to live separately

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Parasitoids

Predators kill and eat multiple pray
Parasites do not usually kill their hosts
Parasitoids lay eggs near or in host
Host is ultimately killed

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Parasitoid wasps

Parasitoid wasps are solitary
Not aggressive
Females lay eggs in host
Parasitism specialize in one or a few types of prey

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Order Hymenoptera: Family Sphecidae(mud daubers)

Females make mud nests
They provision the nests with spiders
    The larvae develop on spiders
Often build in the same site for years
Females can sting, but they are unagressive

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Mud daubers

3 species to know in GA

Organ pipe mud daubers-
    Prefer orb weaver spiders
Black and yellow mud daubers-
   Nest is an unshaped lump
   Prefer spiders found around vegetation-jumping spiders, crab spiders

Blue mud daubers
Take over old nests of other mud daubers
Prefer black widows and brown widows

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Bumblebees hornets yellow jackets paper wasps

These form a social colony-not permanent

Fertilized females overwinter and start new nests in spring
The males and all the other females die in cold weather

In mild cold seasons, a colony may persist for several years

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Integument

Outer layer of worm is chitin

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Resilin

Elastic

Can store energy

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Chitin

A sugar polymer

Provides toughness and flexibility

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Molting
Or
Ecdysis

Only Immatures molt
Instars-period in between molts
Ecdysone-molting hormone

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Insect growth

Juvenile hormone

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Shedding the old skin

Insect distends with air or water
Ptilinum-inflatable sac on some flies
Insect distends after leaving old skin

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Three sections of digestion/excretion

Stomodeum

Mesenteron

Proctodeum

(Front to back)

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Stomodeum

Ingestion and digestion

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Mesenteron

Not lined with chitin

Absorption

Proctodeum

Lined with chitin | Removes waste, regulates water, urea salts

Filter chamber

Specialized structure that allows fluid feeders to obtain more nutrients Increases absorption area Some hemipterans:aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies

Digestion/excretion

Insect digestive system is typically made up of three sections Stomodeum:ingestion,digestion Mesenteron:absorption Proctodeum:excretion,regulation Some fluid feeders also have filter chambers to improve nutrient uptake Aquatic/semiaquatic insects-ammonia waste Terrestial insects-solid uric acid

Digestion and role of bacteria

Cellulose few insects produce cellulase Bacteria-few beetles Protozoans-termites,roaches

Respiration

Relies heavily on diffusion

Spiracles

Up to ten pairs | One pair per segment

Circulation

Circulatory system does not transport O2 but distributes and filters Insect blood is called hemolymph Insects have an open circulatory system Blood dumps at the end of aorta Circulation is facilitated by the heart or dosal aorta

Insect nervous system

Central nervous system | Stomatogastric nervous system

Central nervous system

Neuron groups form ganglia CNS:brain and segmental ganglia Thoracic ganglia control legs/wings

CNS: Protocerebrum

vision,integration of multiple behaviors

CNS: deutocerebrum

Antennas inputs

CNS: Tritocerebrum

Connects to stomatogastric system; integrates input from other brain lobes

CNS:subesophageal ganglion

Mouthparts, salivary glands, neck muscles

Insect vision

Simple eyes-ocelli and stemmata | Compound eye

Ocelli

Do not detect images but rather changes in light intensity

Stemmata

Form images equivalent in quality to compound eye with much less 'hardware" Found in holometabolous larvae and other forms lacking compound eyes

Insect chemoreception

Taste and odor May occur in mouthparts, legs, antennae, and ovipositors

Insect hearing

Insects hear with tympana Usually located between the thorax and abdomen, but may be elsewhere

Insect and plants

About half of all insect spp are phytophagous meaning feed on plants Key primary plant consumers competing with humans Phytophagy has evolved repeatedly, probably from scavenging

Coevolution definition

Evolution of one group affects evolution of another group

Effects on plants from insects

Many interactions are not detrimental to plant

Types of interactions

Mutualism Commensalism Predation, parasitism, parasites Competition

Mutualism

+ and +

Commensalism

+ and 0

Predation, parasitoids, parasites

+ and -

Competition

- and -

Insect/plant coevolution first interaction

Herbivory and accidental pollen transfer

Beetles

Important early pollinators Well diversified in the Mesozoic era Beetles may eat ovules of plant that was pollinated

Coevolution steps

Plant odor to attract insects from a distance Flower color-insects' color vision Role of homopteran honeydew- Aphids need protection so they secrete it as a form of food for the ants

Pollination

Pollen onto receptive stigma Wind pollination Mechanical transfer Usually by insects Birds, bats, and other animals can also be pollinators

Disadvantage of wind pollination

Untargeted Decreased likelihood of out-crossing Much larger production of pollen needed Plants don't disperse well

Advantages of wind pollination

Not dependent on a "third party" | No need to supply "reward"

Advantages of insect pollination

Facilitates out-crossing, even if plants very dispersed Coupled with seed dispersal by birds and other factors, helps plant colonize new habitats more rapidly Reliable dispersal facilitated plant specialization-greater diversification

Disadvantages of insect pollination

Third party involved | Plant must produce reward