test 3 Flashcards
preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage, extending from about 2 to 7 years of age, in which children undergo an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity, although thought is not yet logical.
sociodramatic play
the make-believe play with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood
dual representation
the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
egocentrism
failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one’s own.
animistic thinking
the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions
conservation tasks
conservation: the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
intersubjectivity
the process by which two participants who begin a task with different understandings arrive at a shared understanding.
scaffolding
adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance. as competence increases, the adult gradually and sensitively withdraws support, turning responsibility over to the child.
guided participation
shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication, thereby allowing for variations across situations and cultures.
private speech
self-directed speech that children use to plan and guide their own behavior.
overlapping waves theory
a theory of problem solving, which states that when given challenging problems, children try out various strategies and gradually select those that are fastest and most accurate.
theory of mind
coherent set of ideas about mental activities –developmental milestones (ages 1-4)
false-belief task
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ordinality
the mathematical principle specifying order relationships (more than and less than) between quantities.
cardinality
the mathematical principle stating that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set.
emergent literacy
Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
phonological awareness
the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sounds within words, to rhyming, and to incorrect pronunciation. a strong predictor of emergent literacy.
nativism
language acquisition device LAD
in chomsky’s theory, an innate system containing a universal grammar, or set of rules common to all languages, that enables children, no matter which language they hear, to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they have learned enough words.
comprehension (vs. production)
in language development, the words and word combinations that children understand.
vocabulary explosion/boom
starting around 18 mon, the rate of language production dramatically increases, 1 new word every 90 min
fast mapping
Children’s ability to connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter
mutual exclusivity bias
early in vocabulary growth, children’s assumption that words refer to entirely separate, nonoverlapping categories.
overregulation
applying rules without appropriate exceptions
