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Ed Psych 320 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s second stage, extending from about 2 to 7 years of age, in which children undergo an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity, although thought is not yet logical.

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2
Q

sociodramatic play

A

the make-believe play with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood

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3
Q

dual representation

A

the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol

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4
Q

egocentrism

A

failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one’s own.

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5
Q

animistic thinking

A

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions

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6
Q

conservation tasks

A

conservation: the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

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7
Q

intersubjectivity

A

the process by which two participants who begin a task with different understandings arrive at a shared understanding.

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8
Q

scaffolding

A

adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance. as competence increases, the adult gradually and sensitively withdraws support, turning responsibility over to the child.

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9
Q

guided participation

A

shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication, thereby allowing for variations across situations and cultures.

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10
Q

private speech

A

self-directed speech that children use to plan and guide their own behavior.

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11
Q

overlapping waves theory

A

a theory of problem solving, which states that when given challenging problems, children try out various strategies and gradually select those that are fastest and most accurate.

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12
Q

theory of mind

A

coherent set of ideas about mental activities –developmental milestones (ages 1-4)

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13
Q

false-belief task

A

**

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14
Q

ordinality

A

the mathematical principle specifying order relationships (more than and less than) between quantities.

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15
Q

cardinality

A

the mathematical principle stating that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set.

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16
Q

emergent literacy

A

Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

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17
Q

phonological awareness

A

the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sounds within words, to rhyming, and to incorrect pronunciation. a strong predictor of emergent literacy.

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18
Q

nativism

A
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19
Q

language acquisition device LAD

A

in chomsky’s theory, an innate system containing a universal grammar, or set of rules common to all languages, that enables children, no matter which language they hear, to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they have learned enough words.

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20
Q

comprehension (vs. production)

A

in language development, the words and word combinations that children understand.

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21
Q

vocabulary explosion/boom

A

starting around 18 mon, the rate of language production dramatically increases, 1 new word every 90 min

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22
Q

fast mapping

A

Children’s ability to connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter

23
Q

mutual exclusivity bias

A

early in vocabulary growth, children’s assumption that words refer to entirely separate, nonoverlapping categories.

24
Q

overregulation

A

applying rules without appropriate exceptions

25
Q

semantic bootstrapping

A

using semantics, or word meanings, to figure out grammatical rules

26
Q

induction problem

A

induction: a type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others

27
Q

production (vs comprehension)

A

in language development, the words and word combinations that children use.

28
Q

functional play

A

(0-2 years) simple, repetitive motor movements, with or without objects

29
Q

constructive play

A

(3-6 years) creating or constructing something

30
Q

make-believe play (2-6 years)

A

acting out everyday and imaginative roles

31
Q

information-processing model of social problem solving

A 
o	1. Notice social cues
o	2. interpret social cues
o	3. Formulate social goals
o	4. Generate possible problem solving strategies
o	5. Evaluate effectiveness
o	6. Enact response
•	peer evaluation and response
32
Q

social learning theory

A

gender-typing behavior leads to gender identity

33
Q

cognitive development theory

A

self-perceptions ( gender constancy) come before behavior

34
Q

gender schema theory

A

combines social learning and cognitive-developmental theories

35
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

a child-rearing style that is high in acceptance and involvement, emphazies adaptive control techniques, and includes gradual, appropriate autonomy granting

36
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

a child-rearing style that is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive and psychological control, and low in autonomy granting.

37
Q

permissive parenting style

A

a child-rearing style that is high in acceptance but either overindulgent or inattentive, low in control, and inappropriately lenient in autonomy granting

38
Q

uninvolved parenting style

A

a child-rearing style that combines low accpetance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy.

39
Q

moral imperatives

A

rules and standards that protect people’s rights and welfare

40
Q

social conventions

A

customs determined by consensus within a society, such as table manners and politeness rituals

41
Q

inductive discipline

A

neo-frudian, adults point out the effects of children’s misbehavior on other–gives kids info about how to behave in future

42
Q

corporal punishment

A

**

43
Q

harlow’s monkeys

A

“mother’ monkey doll that has milk inside, one monkey has a soft blanket body, the other wire, we learn that people need LOVE

44
Q

orphanages in Romania/China

A

placed in rooms lined with cribs. one caregiver sees each infant for about half hr/day. don’t get care and love

45
Q

HOME Scale

A

Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment–checklist for gathering info about quality of children’s home lives through observation & parental interview

46
Q

Head Start

A

***parent involvement essential, has long term benefits

47
Q

NAEYC

A

licensing & accreditation–National Association for the Education of Young Children

48
Q

ECERS

A

Licensing & Accreditation–Early Childhood Environmental Rating School-Revised

49
Q

Discovery Learning

A

*

50
Q

Child-centered Preschools

A

teachers provide activities from which the children select and most of the day is devoted to play

51
Q

Academic Preschools

A

teachers structure children’s learning through formal lessons, often using repetitive drills (an approach that can undermine motivation & well-being, especially for low SES)

52
Q

Montessori Education

A

Child centered appraoch with equal emphasis on academic & social development

53
Q

Reggio Emilia Approach

A

children must have some control over direction of their learning–little teacher facilitation; 100 languages

54
Q

Video Deficit Effect

A

*

Ed Psych 320 (3 decks)

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