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Ed Psych 320 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages

A

1:Sensorimotor 2:Preoperational 3:concrete operational 4:formal operational

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2
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight

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3
Q

schemes

A

in Piaget’s theory, a specific psychological structure or organized way of making sense of experience, that changes with age

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4
Q

adaptation*

A

in Piaget’s theory, the process of building schemees through direct interaction w/ environment.

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5
Q

assimilation*

A

that part of adaptation in which the external world is interpreted in terms of current schemes.

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6
Q

accommodation*

A

in piaget’s theory, that part of adaptation in which new schemes are created and old ones adjusted to produce a better fit with the enviro

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7
Q

equilibrium

A

in relation to adaptation–in own environment & comfort zone where is is assimilating

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8
Q

disequilibrium

A

outside environment & comfort zone–has to accomodate

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9
Q

organization

A

in piaget’s thoery, the internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes so that they form a strongly interconnected cognititive system. in info processing, a memory strategy that involves grouping related items together to improve recall.

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10
Q

circular reaction

A

in piaget’s theory, a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat a chance even caused by their own motor activity

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11
Q

A not B error

A

the error made by 8-12 month-olds who, after seeing an object moved from one hiding place (A) to another (B), still search for it only in the first hiding place

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12
Q

displaced reference

A

the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things that are not physically present

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13
Q

mental representations

A

an internal depiction of information that the mind can manipulate

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14
Q

deferred imitation

A

the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present

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15
Q

make-believe

A

a type of play in which children act out everyday and imaginary activities

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16
Q

information-processing

A

an approach that views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which info flows and that regards cognitive development as a continuous process

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17
Q

core knowledge

A

a perspective that states that infants are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of though, each of which permits a ready grasp of new, related info and therefore supports early, rapid development of certain aspects of cognition.

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18
Q

infantile amnesia

A

the inability of most people to remember events that happened to them before age 3.

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19
Q

categorization

A

by 6 months, infants can categorize based on 2 features (shape, color). earliest categories are perceptual but by 2nd half of 1st year, more categories are conceptual.

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20
Q

zone of proximal development

A

in vygotsky’s theory, a range of tasks too difficult for a child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners

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21
Q

bayley scales

A

used for kids Between 1 month and 3.5 years

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22
Q

IQ test

A

*

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23
Q

nativism

A

a LAD biologically prepares infants to learn rules of language

24
Q

language aquisition device

A

in chomsky’s theory, an innate system containing a universal grammar, or set of rules common to all languages, that enables children, no matter which language they hear, to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they have learned enough words.

25
Q

cooing

A

pleasant vowel-like noises made by infants, beginning around 2 months of age

26
Q

joint attention

A

a state in which the child and caregiver attend to the same object or event and the caregiver labels what the child sees. supports language development

27
Q

broca’s area

A

supports grammatical processing and language production

28
Q

wernicke’s area

A

plays role in comprehending word meaning

29
Q

cochlear implant

A

given to deaf children to improve their hearing. **`

30
Q

baby sign

A

a growing trend for babies–baby sign language

31
Q

james-lange theory

A

stimulus, perception, arousal, emotion (compared to folk)

32
Q

basic trust vs. mistrust

A

in erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of infancy, which is resolved positively when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

33
Q

autonomy vs. shame & doubt

A

in erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of toddlerhood, which is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

34
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the infant’s expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults, which appears in many babies the second half of the first year.

35
Q

temperament (and temperament categories)

A

early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity (quickness & intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity) and self-regulation (strategies that modify reactivity

36
Q

social referencing

A

actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

37
Q

categories of attachment

A

secure attachemnt, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment, disorganized attachment

38
Q

strange situation task

A

a laboratory procedure used to assess the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age by observing the baby’s responses to eight short episodes involving brief separation from and reunions with the caregiver in an unfamiliar playroom.

39
Q

separation anxiety

A

an infant’s distressed reaction to the departure of the familiar caregiver

40
Q

interactional synchrony

A

a form of communication in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion and both partners match emotional states, especially positive ones.

41
Q

self-regulation

A

Young infants rely on caregivers to soothe them, self-regulation grows over 1st year with brain development, in 2nd year growth in representation and language leads to new ways of regulating emotions

42
Q

self-awareness

A

At birth, infants have a sense of self as a distinct agent, separate from the surrounding world, self awareness is limited, pushing grocery cart video

43
Q

plasticity

A

openness of human development to change in response to influential experiences throughout life.

44
Q

hippocampus

A

an inner-brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and in images of space we sue to help us find our way

45
Q

amygdala

A

an inner-brain structure that plays a central role in processing emotional information.

46
Q

corpus collasum

A

the large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

47
Q

cerebellum

A

a structure at the rear and base of the brain that aids in balance and control of body movement

48
Q

pituitary gland

A

a gland located at the base of the brain that releases hormones affecting physical growth.

49
Q

reticular formation

A

a structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

50
Q

lateralization

A

specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

51
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

a pituitary hormone that affects the development of all body tissues except nervous system and the genitals.

52
Q

gross vs. fine motor skill

A

gross: walking, running catching throwing swinging ; fine: self help (dressing eating) drawing

53
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

a theory that views new motor skills as reorganization of previously mastered skills, which lead to more effective ways of exploring and controlling the enviro. each new skill is a joint product of central nervous system development, the body’s movement possibilities, environmental supports for the skill, and the child’s goals.

54
Q

babbling

A

repetition of consonant-vowel combinations in long strings, beginning around 6 months of age

55
Q

attachment

A

the strong affectionate tie that humans have with special people in their lives, which leads them to feel pleasure when interacting with those people and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress

Ed Psych 320 (3 decks)

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