test 1

Question 1

Ilusory correlation

Answer 1

The perception of a relationship where none exists. Correlation does NOT equal causality

Question 2

random assignment

Answer 2

an evenhanded procedure for assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment, such as drawing numbers out of a hat. it increases the chances that participants’ characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups

Question 3

cohort effect

Answer 3

the effects of cultural-historical change on the accuracy of longitudinal and cross-sectional research findings. results based on one cohort-individuals developing in the same time period, who are influenced by particular historical and cultural conditions-may not apply to other conditions

Question 4

correlation

Answer 4

a measure of which factors vary together (does not mean causation ex. ice cream and month of year problem)

Question 5

quasi-experimental design

Answer 5

what if random assignment is not possible? ex) richer kids can afford to go to a better preschool

Question 6

dependent variable

Answer 6

the effects of an experiment…the variable the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable in an experiment

Question 7

independent variable

Answer 7

experimental condition of an experiment….in an experiment, the variable the researcher expects to cause changes in another variable and that the researcher manipulates by randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions.

Question 8

control group

Answer 8

absent of experimental condition

Question 9

experimental group

Answer 9

HAS the experimental condition

Question 10

meiosis

Answer 10

the process of cell division through which gametes are formed and in which the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved

Question 11

chromosomes

Answer 11

rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that store and transmit genetic information

Question 12

alleles

Answer 12

each of two or more forms of a gene located at the same place on corresponding pairs of chromosomes

Question 13

canalization

Answer 13

the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes

Question 14

reaction range (gene-enviro interactions)

Answer 14

different pathways, similar end points

Question 15

niche picking

Answer 15

choosing environments

Question 16

heritability estimates

Answer 16

a measure of the extent to which individual differences in complex traits, such as intelligence or personality, in a specific population are due to genetic factors.

Question 17

genotype

Answer 17

an individual’s genetic makeup

Question 18

phenotype

Answer 18

an individual’s directly observable physical and behavioral characteristics, which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors.

Question 19

monozygotic twins

Answer 19

same genes, identical

Question 20

dizygotic twins

Answer 20

same environment, different genes, fraternal

Question 21

socio-economic status (SES)

Answer 21

a measure of an individual’s social position and economic well-being that combines three related variables: years of education, the prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires, and income

Question 22

extended family households

Answer 22

a household in which parent and child live with one or more adult relatives

Question 23

nuclear-family households

Answer 23

????

Question 24

individualist societies

Answer 24

societies in which people think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs

Question 25

collectivist societies

Answer 25

societies in which people define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals.

Question 26

public policies

Answer 26

laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions

Question 27

ecological systems (theory?)

Answer 27

bronfenbrenner’s approach, which views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

Question 28

zygote

Answer 28

the newly fertilized cell formed by the union of sperm and ovum at conception

Question 29

blastocyst

Answer 29

the zygote four days after fertilization, when the tiny mass of cells forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball

Question 30

implantation

Answer 30

attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining, which occurs 7 to 9 days after fertilization

Question 31

embryo

Answer 31

the prenatal organism from 2 to 8 weeks after conception- the period when the groundwork for all body structures and internal organs is laid down

Question 32

fetus

Answer 32

the prenatal organism from the ninth week to the end of pregnancy- the period during which body structures are completed and dramatic growth in size occurs

Question 33

placenta

Answer 33

the organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo, while also preventing the mother’s and embryo’s blood from mixing directly

Question 34

umbilical cord

Answer 34

the long cord connecting the prenatal organism to the placenta that delivers nutrients and removes waste products

Question 35

teratogen

Answer 35

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Question 36

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 36

the most severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, distinguished by slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, and brain injury. usually affects children whose mothers drank heavily during most or all of pregnancy.

Question 37

dilation and effacement of the cervix

Answer 37

widening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor

Question 38

placenta

Answer 38

the organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo, while also preventing themother’s and embryo’s blood from mixing directly

Question 39

THREE STAGES OF LABOR?

Answer 39

?

Question 40

APGAR

Answer 40

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration (know the point system and what that is all about)

Question 41

analgesics

Answer 41

drugs that are used to relieve pain

Question 42

anesthetics

Answer 42

pain killer that blocks sensation (common: epidural analgesia)

Question 43

caesarean delivery (C-section)

Answer 43

a surgical birth: doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomin and lifts baby out

Question 44

anoxia

Answer 44

oxygen deprivation at birth that can lead to brain damage or later, cognitive language problems

Question 45

preterm

Answer 45

born weeks before due date, may be appropriate weight for the length of the pregnancy

Question 46

low birth weight

Answer 46

maybe born at due date or pre-term, below expected weight for length of pregnancy

Question 47

neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)

Answer 47

a test developed to assess a newborn infant’s behavior in terms of reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to physical and social stimuli

Question 48

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 48

the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 week and 12 months in industrialized nations

Question 49

pincer grasp

Answer 49

the well coordinated grasp that emerges at the end of the first year, involving thumb and index finger opposition

Question 50

intermodal perception

Answer 50

perception that combines info from more than one modality or sensory system resulting in an integrated whole