Test 3 Flashcards by Trey Garzzillo

The process of vertical sediment movement by infaundal and epifaunal organisms is known as ___________.

A. turnover

B. plowing

C. bioturbation

D. resuspension

E. suspension

C. bioturbation

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Nekton abundance in estuarine and coastal waters is primarily regulated by ____________ processes.

A. top-down

B. bottom-up

C. circulation

D. predation

E. tidal

B. bottom-up

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The export of nutrients and organic carbon from estuaries to the coastal zone is known as the _________ hypothesis.

A. upwelling

B. inwelling

C. downwelling

D. exchange

E. outwelling

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Most of the phytoplankton productivity on the continental shelf is primarily due to __________.

A. regenerated N

B. outwellling

C. in situ nitrogen fixation

D. tidal exchange

E. vertical mixing

A. regenerated N

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A larval blue crab is an example of ____________.

A. nekton

B. meroplankton

C. holoplankton

D. mesoplankton

B. meroplankton

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On the middle continental shelf, the major export of nitrate is through _____________.

A. N fixation

B. downwelling

C. upwelling

D. denitrification

E. burial in sediments

D. denitrification

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The _________ is a consequence of low survival rates of eggs and larvae in estuaries.

A. larval funnel

B. trophic cascade

C. trophic pyramid

D. larval bottleneck

E. diversity

D. larval bottleneck

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Nekton that inhabit marine waters as adults then migrate to freshwater habitats for spawning are __________.

A. catadromous

B. anadromous

C. osmoconformers

D. poikilotherms

E. protogynous

B. anadromous

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Continental shelves have an average depth of ________m.

A. 0 to 50

B. 50 to 100

C. 100 to 150

D. 150 to 200

E. 200 to 250

C. 100 to 150

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Nekton that are usually associated with bottom habitats are described as being ____________.

A. benthos

B. epifauna

C. cryptic

D. sessile

E. demersal

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Macrobenthos can be classified according to _________.

A. adult size

B. microhabitat

C. feeding type

D. sediment preference

E. all (A-D)

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Ekman transport results in NET water flow 45 degrees to 90 degrees to the _______ of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere.

A. left

B. east

C. west

D. north

E. right

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Ekman circulation is commonly responsible for vertical transport resulting in _______________.

A. upwelling

B. downwelling

C. tidal residuals

D. surface convergence

E. upwelling and downwelling

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Pelagic nekton usually have a ________ energy requirement.

A. low

B. moderate

C. high

D. negligible

C. high

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The turnover time for meiofauna in estuaries is approximately _______ time(s) per month.

A. 5

B. 10

C. 200

D. 1

E. 125

D. 1

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A _____________ hermaphrodite fish function as a male fish, then switches to a female with age.

A. protogynous

B. protandrous

C. consecutive

D. catadromous

E. anadromous

B. protandrous

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In estuaries, fish abundance and biomass are ______ and diversity is ________ relative to most other marine ecosystems.

A. low, high

B. high, low

C. seasonal, seasonal

D. constant, lower

E. lower, constant

B. high, low

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A fish that is female first, then switches to a male is __________.

A. protandrous

B. protogynous

C. catadromous

B. protogynous

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At the water surface, Eckman transport results in water movement at an angle on __________ degrees to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere.

A. 45

B. 180

C. 120

D. 90

E. 30

A. 45

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The productivity of a hydrothermal vent community may be as high as ________ g C m^-2 y^-1.

A. 5

B. 50

C. 30,000

D. 1

E. 0.5

C. 30,000

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Bacteria use __________ chemosynthesis in hydrothermal vent communities.

A. Fe.

B. SO4

C. N

D. C

E. S

Approximately ____-% of the organic C on Earth is stored as methane gas hydrates..

A. 10

B. 20

C. 25

D. 60

E. 90

D. 60

On continental shelves, the Macoma Community is usually associated with ________ sediments.

A. rocky

B. sandy

C. muddy

D. organic-rich

E. methane

C. muddy

The outer continental shelf region off the coasts of SC and NC contain large deposits of _____________.

A. oil

B. phosphate

C. sulfide

D. methane gas hydrates

E. calcium carbonate

D. methane gas hydrates

Continental shelves have a P:R ratio close to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. 2 B. 1 C. 0.5 D. 0.1 E. 10

B. 1

The average NPP on temperate continental shelves is __________ g C m^-2 y^-1. A. 50 B. 100 C. 300 D. 500 E. 10

C. 300

Cold seep communities inhabit areas where _________ seeps from the sediments. A. oil B. sulfide C. sulphate D. groundwater E. methane

E. methane

In the deep sea, autochromous primary production is attributed to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. photosynthesis B. POM C. DOM D. chemosynthesis E. marine snow

D. chemosynthesis

The source(s) of organic matter inputs into the deep sea is/are\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. primary production B. POM C. DOM D. food falls E. all (A-D)

E. all (A-D)

Demersal species usually have a __________ energy requirement than similar pelagic species. A. higher B. lower C. same

B. lower

The number of eggs produced by a single female is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. productivity B. recruitment C. fecundity D. output

C. fecundity

Lecithotrophic larvae have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. low energy reserves B. yolk sacs C. higher predation rates D. demersal parents

B. yolk sacs

Planktotrophic larvae have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. low energy reserves B. yolk sacs C. higher predation rates D. demersal parents

A. low energy reserves

Estuarine nekton typically show a ______________ separation between juvenile and adult stages. A. spatial B. temporal C. spatial and temporal D. metabolic E. salinity

C. spatial and temporal

The amount of N exported from an estuary is highly correlated with _____________ the estuary. A. water residence time of B. freshwater input into C. N loading into D. salinity of E. size of

A. water residence time of

Large inputs of DOC, POC, and nutrients onto the continental shelf may result in ___________ on the shelf. A. hypoxia B. anoxia C. high productivity D. high respiration rates E. all (A-D)

E. all (A-D)

The wind energy transfer efficiency to the ocean surface is about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_%. A. 2 B. 10 C. 15 D. 35 E.20

A. 2

The Gulf Stream is a(n) _________ boundary current. A. eastern B. western C. northern D. southern E. density

B. western

Langmuir circulation is usually limited to the upper ________ m of the water column. A. 1 B. 10 C. 50 D. 100

B. 10

The deepest undersea habitats are found in\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. mid-ocean ridges B. the abyssal plain C. hadal regions D. ocean trenches E. bathyl regions

D. ocean trenches

Approximately \_\_\_\_% of surface primary production reaches deep-dea (\> 3000 m) habitats. A. 1 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

A. 1

Benthic biomass in the open ocean has a high positive correlation with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. nekton production B. surface primary production C. depth D. temperature E. ocean ridges

B. surface primary production

The deep sea has high ______ and low _______ relative to estuarine habitats. A. diversity, biomass B. biomass, diversity C. pressure, salinity D. salinity, pressure E. productivity, diversity

A. diversity, biomass

Sea cucumbers are most closely related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. polychaetes B. annelids C. ascidians D. starfish E. acorn worms

D. starfish

The ___________ of individuals increases over the depth range of 0 - 5 km. A. length B. biomass C. fecundity D. metabolism

B. biomass

Tube worms at hydrothermal vents contain endosymbiotic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. algae B. protists C. bacteria D. methanogens

C. bacteria

Excluding hydrothermal vent communities, the main limiting factor for the abundance of deep sea fauna is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. space B. food supply C. competition D. hydrostatic pressure E. temperature

B. food supply

Brine seeps are often associated with _________ deposits. A. sulfide B. oil C. gas hydrate D. carbonate E. coal

B. oil

Most known hydrothermal vents are associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. ocean trenches B. the Pacific Ocean C. hotspots D. subduction zones E. mid-ocean ridges

E. mid-ocean ridges

The "Stability-Time Hypothesis" has been used to explain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. benthic communities B. biomass of deep-sea fauna C. diversity in the deep sea D. diversity at vents

c. diversity in the deep sea