Test 1 Flashcards by Trey Garzzillo

The conversion of N2 gas to organic N and ammonium by prokaryotes is termed _________.

A) denitrification

B) nitrification

C) ammonification

D) nitrogen fixation

E) denitrogen oxidation

D) notrogen fixation

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Wind sppeds and wave heights are _______ in the equatorial region and ________ in polar regions.

A) higher, lower

B) lower, higher

C) higher, higher

D) lower, lower

E) wind-driven, thermohaline

B) lower, higher

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Major ocean currents have ________ rotation in the northern hempishere.

A) anticyclonic

B) cyclonic

C) counterclockwise

D) tidal

E) reverse

A) anticyclonic

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Diatoms are heavy due to their silicified _________.

A) frustules

B) flagella

C) pseudopodia

D) polymers

E) spines

A) frustules

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Organic compounds that are readily decomposed by bacterial activity are said to be __________.

A) motle

B) immobilized

C) refractory

D) labile

E) “new”

D) labile

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“Barrel filing” of empty niches usually floow major ________ events.

A) sea level change

B) storm

C) extinction

D) emigration

E) glaciation

C) extinction

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The removal of a keystone species will have major impacts on ________.

A) predatory species

B) ecosystem function

C) crytpic species

D) productivity

E) species richness

B) ecosystem function

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Animals with short-lived planktonic larvae have ______ rates of endemism than those with wide-spread dispersal.

A) lower

B) higher

C) the same

D) depressed

B) higher

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A plant of animal species that is restricted to one or a few localities in its distribution is said to be _______.

A) isolated

B) extinct

C) allopatric

D) endemic

E) sympatric

D) endemic

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Marine species constitute more than _______ % of the known species on Earth.

A) 5

B) 8

C) 14

D) 60

E) 64

C) 14

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Species which are morphologically identital but genetically differnt are said to be ________ species.

A) morpho

B) cryptic

C) sympatric

D) daughter

E) sister

B) cryptic

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Sea level has been much _____ for the last 250,000 years.

A) the same

B) higher

C) lower

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The depth at which integrated daily production is equal to the daily integrated respiration is the ________ depth.

A) critical

B) mixing

C) compensation

D) PR point

E) photic

A) critical

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_________ light is attenuated more quickly than ______ light in estuarine and nearshore coastal waters.

A) blue, red

B) green, blue

C) green, red

D) red, blue

E) reflected, absorbed

A) blue, red

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When the critical depth is less than the mixing depth, there is __________ net phytoplankton growth.

A) positive

B) reduced

C) no

D) negative

E) alternative

C) no

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In the ocean, the depth at which the rate of primary production is equal to the respiration rate is the ______ depth.

A) critical

B) mixing

C) compensation

D) PR point

E) photic

C) compensation

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Heterocysts are specialized structures used by ________ to protect nitrogenase from exposure to oxygen.

A) phytoplankton

B) dinoflagellates

C) crytophytes

D) prokaryotes

E) cyanobacteria

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A species is said to be “_________” if its removal from an ecosystem has no impact on system function.

A) relict

B) reticent

C) cryptic

D) redundant

E) repetitive

D) redundant

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Following the KT mass extinction event 64 million years ago, almost ________ % or marine species went extinct.

A) 5

B) 16

C) 21

D) 11

E) 4

D) 11

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Some phytoplankton use ______ to convert HCO3 to CO2 within and outside the cell.

A) carbonic anhydrase

B) carbonase

C) carbonic lyase

D) carbon reductase

E) carboxylic ligase

A) carbonic anhydrase

In terms of the amount of nitrogen fixed, the most important nitrogen fixer (diazotroph) is in the open ocean is probably _________.

A) Trichocystous

B) Oscillatoria

C) Trichodesmium

D) Prochlorcoccus

E) Synechococcus

C) Trichnodesmium

A reaction center combined with the accessory photosynthetic pigments comprises a ___________.

A) chloroplast

B) nacelle

C) photosynthetic unit

D) photocenter

E) thylakoid

C) photosynthetic unit

At low latitudes, diversity is maintained by _________ and at higher latitudes, diversity is maintained by disturbance.

A) disturbance

B) biotic interactions

C) temp

D) wave height

E) keystone species

B) biotic interactions

Marine and terrestrial primary production are approximately equal at _______ Pg C Y. A) 5 B) 50 C) 500 D) 0.5 E) 150

B) 50

Diatoms have ______ flagella. A) one B) two C) paired D) no E) branched

D) no

The two major groups of NON-motile phytoplankton are _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_. A) diatoms, dinoflagellates B) cyanobacteria, cryptophytes C) diatoms, cyanobacteria D) diatoms, cryptophytes E) chrysophytes, cyrptophytes

C) diatoms, cyanobacteria

Combined nitrogen, usually nitrate (NO3), that is recycled within a system is said to be _______ nitrogen. A) regenerated B) old C) redundant D) new E) external

A) regenerated

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the single most abundant (non-gaseous) chemical species of bioavailable nitrogen in deep ocean waters. A) nitrite B) nitrate C) ammonium D) A and C E) urea

B) nitrate

The three major branches on the General Phylogenetic Tree are Eukarya, Bacteria, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) Fungi B) Archaea C) Aracnida D) Archetypa E) Eubacteria

B) Archaea

Nitrate reductase is used to convert nitrate to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) ammonium B) N2 gas C) oxygen D) nitrate E) nitrite

E) nitrite

The conversion of nitrate (NO3) to N2 gas is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) nitrogen fixation B) denitrification C) nitrification D) ammonification E) reduction

B) denitrification

The conversion of ammonium to nitrite then to nitrate is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) nitrogen fixation B) denitrification C) nitrification D) ammonification E) reduction

C) nitrification

The saltmarch cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) uses the _______ pathway of photosynthesis. A) C3 B) C4 C) C2 D) shortest E) longest

B) C4

A _________ uses energy derived from chemical compounds to manufacture organic compounds by chemosynthesis. A) chemoautotroph B) photoautotroph C) mixotroph D) heterotroph E) prokaryote

A) chemoautotroph

The most useful (i.e. requires less energy for acquisition) form of combined nitrogen for phytoplankton is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) nitrite B) nitrate C) ammonium D) urea E) N2 gas

C) ammonium

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cleaves the triple-bonded N2 molecule. A) nitrogenase B) N-reductase C) denitrogenase D) dinitrogenase

A) nitrogenase

The observation that many similar species occur in close proximity in the seemingly uniform environment of the water column is known as "the ________ of the plankton". A) paradox B) paradigm C) prinicple D) competition E) rule

A) paradox

According to biogeographic theory, species richness __________ in direct proportion to the area of an island. A) increases B) decreases C) varies D) declines E) dissipates

A) increases

Island size and isolation are important determinants of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) biogeography B) species richness C) emigration D) survival rates E) species evenness

B) species richness

The acetylene reduction method measures rates of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) nitrogen fixation B) denitrification C) nitrification D) ammonification E) ammonium reduction

A) nitrogen fixation

At a pH of \_\_\_\_\_\_, the percentages of total inorganic carbon as free CO2 and HCO3 are approximately equal. A) 2 B) 6.5 C) 9 D) 11 E) 12

B) 6.5

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is usually the most abundant form of combined inorganic N in runoff, riverine input, grounwater discharge and atmospheric deposition. A) nitrite B) nitrate C) ammonium D) urea E) amino acid

B) nitrate

Much of the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in marine systems is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) labile B) refractory C) in the euphotic zone D) inorganic E) used by phytoplankton

B) refractory

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a pigment used by some bacteria for a type of anoxygenic photosynthesis. A) photorhodopsin B) chlorophyll b C) fucoxanthin D) proteorhodopsin E) chlorophyll c

D) proteorhodopsin

Photosynthesis removes dissolved CO2 and results in a(n) _______ in pH. A) increase B) decrease C) shift from 8.0 to 7.5 D) shifts from 7.5 to 7.0 E) shift from 9.0 to 8.0

A) increase

There are more than _______ different types of viruses in 100 mL of seawater. A) 1000 B) 5000 C) 10000 D) 100000 E) 100

B) 5000

As the attenuation coefficient for PAR decreases, the depth of the photic zone \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) decreases B) increases C) shifts from red to blue D) shifts from blue to red E) is constant

B) increases

Pigment packaging is a method used by phytoplankton for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) nutrient uptake B) photosynthesis C) karyostrophy D) buoyancy E) photoacclimation

E) photoacclimation

Orthophosphate concentrations are usually very low in carbonate environments due to _______ onto calcium carbonate. A) precipitation B) absorption C) adsorption D) deposition E) cementation

C) adsorption

The _______ of the environment is very important for biogeochemical cycling in ecosystems. A) pH conditions B) redox state C) ambient pressure D) primary productivity E) turbulence and mixing

B) redox state