Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Chemistry > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

________ is the only carb that can be used or stored for energy.

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main energy source for cellular metabolism?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What depends exclusively on glucose?

A

Nerve Tissue - Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What doesn’t store glucose?

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Breakdown of glucose for energy production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Conversion of amino acids into glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Conversion of carbs into fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What organ synthesizes insulin and glucagon?

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the only hormone that decreases plasma glucose?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What part of the pancreas sythesizes insulin?

A

Beta-cells of the Islets of Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What part of the pancreas synthesizes glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most important glucose regulator?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 effects of insulin?

A
  • Promotes cellular uptake of glucose from plasma
  • Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis
  • Inhibits glycogenolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect of glucagon?

A
  • Increases glycogeneolysis and gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

Increased plasma glucose greater than 110 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Normal glucose range

A

70 - 110 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes called?

A

Insulin Dependent, Juvenille Onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes called?

A

Non-Insulin Dependent, Adult Onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Gluocse intolerance during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Symptoms associated with Type 1 diabetes?

A

Thirst, polyuria, hunger, weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type 1 diabetes is most common in what races?

A

Anglos, African - Americans, and Hispanics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do patients need to take for Type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can cause a sudden onset of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Viral illness such as CMV or EBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are two causes of Type 1 diabetes as to why they can’t produce insulin?

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta-cells or autoantibodies are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Glucose (fasting) normal range

A

70 - 110 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)

A

3.0 - 6.0 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CSF glucose normal range

A

40 - 70 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Plasma ketones normal range

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Triglycerides normal range

A

60 - 150 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Total cholesterol normal range

A

< 200 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

High density lipoprotein (HDL) normal range

A

> 45 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) normal range

A

< 130 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sodium normal range

A

135 - 145 meq/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Potassium normal range

A

3.5 - 5.0 meq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Chloride normal range

A

100 - 110 meq/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Bicarbonate normal range

A

20 - 30 meq/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Anion gap normal range

A

10 - 20 meq/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is CAD?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Group of related but different molecules that interact with water insoluble fat molecules and transports those fats in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 4 types of lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons, VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoproteins), LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins), and HDL (High Density Lipoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A

Transport of dietary triglycerides from GI tract to the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What do VLDLs do?

A

Transport triglycerides from liver to tissues for storage of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do LDLs do?

A

Transports cholesterol to peripheral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What do HDLs do?

A

Transports cholesterol away from peripheral tissues to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Lipids include what four things?

A

Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What type of bond does saturated fatty acids have?

A

No double bonds between Carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Are saturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temp?

A

Solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where can you find saturated fatty acids?

A

Animal sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What type of bond does unsaturated fatty acids have?

A

Double bonds between Carbon bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Are unsaturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temp?

A

Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where can you find unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Plant sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are transfats?

A

Artificial modifications of unsaturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Saturated fat is fat that consists of ________ containing only ________ ______ ______.

A

Triglycerides

Saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Saturated fatty acids have no ________ _______ between the carbon atoms.

A

Double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

A fat molecule is __________ if it contains one double bond.

A

Monosaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

A fat molecule is __________ if it contains more than one double bond.

A

Polysaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Glycerol with 3 attached fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the exogenesis source of triglycerides?

A

Dietary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where can you find triglycerides?

A

Liver and tissue storage

62
Q

___% of body fat is triglycerides.

A

95

63
Q

What is the energy source when plasma glucose is decreased?

A

Triglycerides

64
Q

Triglyceride catabolism is regulated by ________,_______, and _______.

A

Lipase, epinephrine, and cortisol.

65
Q

Triglycerides are transported by __________ and ______.

A

Chylomicrons and VLDL

66
Q

________ is found only in animals.

A

Cholesterol

67
Q

_________ is an important component of membranes, steroid hormones, bile, and Vitamin D.

A

Cholesterol

68
Q

Exogenous cholesterol comes from _____.

A

Diet

69
Q

Endogenous cholesterol is synthesized by the ______.

A

Liver

70
Q

___% of cholesterol is associated with cellular components.

A

70

71
Q

___% of cholesterol is in the plasma.

A

30

72
Q

Cholesterol is transported by _____ and _____.

A

HDL and LDL

73
Q

________ and _________ are utilized to determine fetal lung maturity from amniotic fluid (L/S ratio).

A

Lecithin and sphingomyelin

74
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipids with a carbohydrate component

75
Q

Examples of a glycolipid?

A

ABO antigens

76
Q

The _____________ is responsible for the interactions with cell membranes and enzymes to transport lipids to specific locations.

A

Apolipoproteins

77
Q

Lipoproteins are classified according to?

A

Density and Electrophoresis migration

78
Q

Chylomicrons are removed from the plasma within ___ hours by the liver.

A

Six

79
Q

LDL are synthesized in the ______.

A

Liver

80
Q

What is the “bad” cholesterol?

A

LDL

81
Q

What is the “good” cholesterol?

A

HDL

H=HEALTHY ;)

82
Q

HDL is synthesized in the ______ and _________.

A

Liver and intestines

83
Q

HDL is ___% phospholipids, ___% cholesterol, and ___% apoprotein.

A

30, 20, and 50

84
Q

_______ is the main component of bile.

A

Cholesterol

85
Q

What is the exogenous pathway?

A

Transport of dietary lipids, mostly the chylomicrons transportation of triglycerides to liver

86
Q

What is the endogenous pathway?

A

Transportation of lipids from the liver to the tissues (VLDL AND LDL)

87
Q

Insulin helps make ____.

A

Fat

88
Q

Insulin decrease ______ _______.

A

Plasma glucose

89
Q

Insulin inactivates ______ and stimulates _________.

A

Lipase

Lipogenesis

90
Q

In diabetes mellitus, insulin deficiency promotes the release of _____ _____ and their conversion to __________ by the liver.

A

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

91
Q

What specimen do you need for lipid testing?

A

10-12 hour fasting specimen, serum

92
Q

If you don’t use fasting specimen for lipid testing, what could happen?

A

Falsely increased levels from recent dietary intake

93
Q

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids = ?

A

Triglycerides

94
Q

What is proportional to the initial triglyceride concentration?

A

Free glycerol

95
Q

What is a double blank?

A

Reagent without lipase

96
Q

What can a double blank be used to measure?

A

Free plasma glycerol

97
Q

What is the CV for plasma triglycerides?

A

25-30 %

98
Q

Triglyceride methodology includes the measurement of what?

A

Trigylcerides and naturally occurring free glycerol in the plasma

99
Q

What precipitating reagent is added to patient plasma when you’re doing HDL testing?

A

Dextran sulfate

100
Q

What do you need to do to specimen when doing HDL testing?

A

Precipitate non-HDL from the plasma

101
Q

Elevated __________ (>400 mg/dl) may interfere with the separation of what?

A

Non-HDL

102
Q

What is the Friedwald estimation?

A 
LDL = CHOL - (HDL+VLDL)
VLDL = Trig/5
103
Q

Plaque formation is associated with?

A

Increased plasma cholesterol and LDL

Decreased plasma HDL

104
Q

What are statin drugs used for?

A

People with elevated cholesterols

105
Q

Trade names of common statin drugs

A

Lipitor, crestor, zocor

106
Q

What are three major contributory factors of CAD?

A

Diet exercise and diabetes

107
Q

What is apolipoprotein?

A

Protein shells that interact with lipids and allow them to be water soluble

108
Q

Where is intracellular water?

A

Inside cells (2/3 of body water)

109
Q

Where is extracellular water?

A

Outside cells (1/3 of body water)

110
Q

Plasma is __% water.

A

93

111
Q

Osmolarity = what?

A

of osmoles per liter solvent

112
Q

Osmolality = ?

A

of osmoles per kilogram of solvent

113
Q

Osmole = what?

A

1 mole of a dissolved substance

114
Q

What is the osmolar gap?

A

Difference between the measured osmolality and calculated osmolality

115
Q

Osmolar gap = what?

A

Measured osmolality - calculated osmolality

116
Q

What stimulates the sensation of thirst?

A

Hypothalamus

117
Q

What secretes ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary

118
Q

What increases h2o reabsorption by renal collection ducts?

A

ADH

119
Q

What does the renin angiotensin aldosterone system do?

A

Regulates blood volume via plasma sodium

120
Q

What stimulates renin secretion by the renal glomeruli?

A

Decreased blood pressure

121
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A

Sodium 90%

122
Q

Na-K ATPase pumps out what out of cells and what into cells?

A

Sodium out, potassium in

123
Q

Without the active transport pump, what would happen?

A

Cells would fill with sodium and osmotic pressure would rupture the cells.

124
Q

Sodium is regulated what?

A

Water intake/output and aldosterone

125
Q

What is the formation of glycosylsted hemoglobin proportional to?

A

Average plasma glucose concentration over 8-12 week time

126
Q

What is the most commonly measured glycosylated hemoglobin?

A

A1C

127
Q

What specimen is used for glycosylated hemoglobin test?

A

EDTA whole blood that doesn’t need to be fasted

128
Q

What is the main hormone that increases plasma glucose?

A

Glucagon

129
Q

Ketone production indicates what?

A

Fat metabolism

130
Q

Why does people with type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance?

A

Plasma glucose is unable to enter the cells

131
Q

Factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity lack of exercise and poor diet

132
Q

Criteria for dignifying diabetes

A
  • random glucose > 200 mg/dL
  • fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL
  • glucose tolerance testing > 200 mg/dL
133
Q

What are ketones?

A

Byproduct of lipolysis

134
Q

What are ketones associated with?

A

Type 1 diabetes

135
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

136
Q

Only __% is in the plasma

A

2

137
Q

RBCs have high concentrations of?

A

Plasma

138
Q

Increased potassium promotes?

A

Muscular excitability

139
Q

Regulation of potassium is performed by?

A

Renal secretion/retention in response to various factors

140
Q

Aldosterone promotes what?

A

Sodium reabsorption

141
Q

Hydrogen moved out of RBCs and into the plasma to balance what?

A

pH

142
Q

What moves into the RBCs to preserve electrical balance?

A

Potassium

143
Q

What is the main extracellular anion?

A

Chloride

144
Q

Chloride moved passively with what or against HCO3 to maintain neutral electrical charge?

A

Sodium

145
Q

Chloride is reabsorbed where?

A

Renal proximal tubes

146
Q

What is the 2nd most important anion?

A

Bicarbonate

147
Q

What accounts for 90% of total plasma co2?

A

HCO3

148
Q

What is the most important plasma buffer?

A

Bicarbonate

149
Q

What is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation?

A

Magnesium

150
Q

PTH increases regulation of what electrolyte?

A

Calcium magnesium and phosphate

151
Q

Calcitonin decreases regulation of what

A

Calcium

152
Q

Vitamin increases regulation of what?

A

Calcium and phosphate

Clinical Chemistry (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions