Test 1 Flashcards
Define accuracy.
Observations that are close to the “true” value
Define precision.
Observations that are reproducible
Define standard deviation.
A measurement of dispersion.
Define the coefficient variation and the formula.
CV (%) = SD/MEAN x 100
Compares different sets of observations relative to their means.
Define z-score and the formula.
z-score = patient - mean / SD
A way of expressing an observation in terms of how far away it is from the mean.
What is a class A fire?
Paper, wood, plastic, and fabrics
What is a class B fire?
Flammable liquids or gasses
What is a class C fire?
Electrical
Deci
10 ^ -1
Centi
10 ^ -2
Milli
10 ^ -3
Micro
10 ^ -6
Nano
10 ^ -9
Pico
10 ^ -12
Femto
10 ^ -15
What is a standard?
A substance with a known set value (one number)
What is a control?
A substance with a known range.
Molarity = ?
Moles / Liter
Normality = ?
Eq. weight / Liter
Molality = ?
Moles / 1000 grams solvent
What does TD mean on a pipet?
To deliver - Let drain along the side of the receiving vessel
What does TC mean on a pipet?
To contain - Needs to be blown out
6.022 x 10 ^23 equals what?
One mole
pH = 7 is ?
Neutral
pH = >7 is ?
Alkaline
pH = <7 is?
Acidic
What are the parts of a spectrophotometer in the order light shines thru?
Light source, slit, monochromator, slit, curvet, detector, and read out device
What is the chemistry holy grail?
Normal values, analytical techniques, and clinical significance
Formula for % Transmittance?
I / Io X 100
Formula for Absorbance?
-log (I/ Io)
log100% - log %T
2 - log %T
I stands for?
Transmitted light (passes thru curvet and hits detector)
Io stands for?
Incident light (beginning light, before passing thru curvet)
What is Beers law?
Absorbance = (greek E) (b) (c)
What does the greek E stand for in Beers Law?
Molar absorbity (constant for each type of molecule)
What does the b stand for in Beers Law?
Length of the light path (curvet)
What does the c stand for in Beers Law?
Concentration of the molecule absorbing the light
_______ is directly proportional to the ________ in Beers Law.
Absorbance
Concentration
What do you do when a spectrophotometer says a result is “out of linearity”?
Dilute the specimen because it may have a high concentration.
How does a nephelometer work?
Light bounces off insoluble complexes and hits a photodetector that has been placed at an angle from the initial direction of light.
What is turbidimetry?
Works same as nephelometer except photodetector is placed in the same angle of the initial light path.
What does the nephelometer measure?
Measures transmitted (scattered) light.
What does a turbidimetry measure?
Absorbance - light that has been blocked by insoluble complexes.
What is fluorescence?
Molecules that absorb light at a given frequency and re-emit that light at a longer frequency.
What are the advantages of fluorescence?
Very specific and sensitive
What are the disadvantages of fluorescence?
Few molecules are fluorescent and these molecules are very susceptible to pH and temperature changes
What does atomic adsorption measure?
Elements
______ attract anions.
Anodes
Anodes have a (_) charge?
Positive
________ attract cations.
Cathodes
Cathodes have a (_) charge?
Negative
What test mixes chemicals together to produce colored products, shines a specific wavelength of light thru the solution, and measures how much of the light gets “absorbed”?
Spectrophotometry
What test uses charged molecules and measures the movement of them at different rates when “pulled” through an electrical field?
Electrophoresis
What does a monochromator do?
Isolates individual wavelengths of light
What is IEP?
Immunoelectrophoresis
What test uses electrophoresis of antigens followed by the addition of various antibodies to a parallel trough along the separated proteins, the antibodies diffused through the agar, and form lines of precipitation with their respective antigen?
Immunoelectrophoresis
What is IFE?
Immunofixation Electrophoresis
What test has antibody poured over a completed electrophoresis procedure to produce visible precipitation lines and is commonly used to measure immunoglobulin classes as well as free kappa and lambda chains?
Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE)
What test has antigens undergo electrophoresis in a supporting agarose gel with specific antibody previously mixed into the gel?
(As the antigens move thru the gel, antigen-antibody complexes form creating visible precipitation lines in the shape of long arches)
Rocket (Laurell Technique)
What test has the photodetector placed at a 180 degree angle from the light source and measure transmitted light?
Turbidimetry
What test has the photodetector placed at a 90 degree angle from the light source and measure scattered light?
Nephelometry
What is a labeled immunoassay?
A test where antigen or antibody is labeled (tagged) with a substance that can be detected later on and allows for the detection of an antibody-antigen reaction.
What are the three types of tags?
Enzyme
Radioactive isotopes
Fluorescent molecules
What is the heterogenous classification of competitive immunoassays?
Requires separation of bound from free antigen
What is the homogenous classifications of competitive immunoassays?
No separation of bound and free antigen
What is a competitive immunoassay?
A competition between tagged and un-tagged antigen for limited antibody.
_______ concentration of patient antigen means that more of the antibody-antigen complexes are untagged.
High
____ concentration of patient antigen means that more of the antibody-antigen complexes are tagged.
Low
There is __________ relationship between patient antigen concentration and tag activity after the separation process.
Inverse
What is ELISA?
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
What is EMIT?
Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
What is steric hindrance?
Antibody binding to the enzyme-tagged-antigen inhibits enzymatic activity
What type of immunoassay is fluorescence polarization?
Competitive
Is fluorescence polarization a homogenous or heterogeneous assay?
Homogenous - no separation required
All immunoassays involve what?
Antibody-antigen reactions
_______ will have the antibody or antigen attached to a solid surface.
ELISA
_____ technique utilizes steric hindrance of the enzyme tag.
EMIT
