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Clinical Chemistry > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define accuracy.

A

Observations that are close to the “true” value

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2
Q

Define precision.

A

Observations that are reproducible

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3
Q

Define standard deviation.

A

A measurement of dispersion.

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4
Q

Define the coefficient variation and the formula.

A

CV (%) = SD/MEAN x 100

Compares different sets of observations relative to their means.

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5
Q

Define z-score and the formula.

A

z-score = patient - mean / SD

A way of expressing an observation in terms of how far away it is from the mean.

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6
Q

What is a class A fire?

A

Paper, wood, plastic, and fabrics

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7
Q

What is a class B fire?

A

Flammable liquids or gasses

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8
Q

What is a class C fire?

A

Electrical

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9
Q

Deci

A

10 ^ -1

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10
Q

Centi

A

10 ^ -2

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11
Q

Milli

A

10 ^ -3

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12
Q

Micro

A

10 ^ -6

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13
Q

Nano

A

10 ^ -9

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14
Q

Pico

A

10 ^ -12

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15
Q

Femto

A

10 ^ -15

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16
Q

What is a standard?

A

A substance with a known set value (one number)

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17
Q

What is a control?

A

A substance with a known range.

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18
Q

Molarity = ?

A

Moles / Liter

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19
Q

Normality = ?

A

Eq. weight / Liter

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20
Q

Molality = ?

A

Moles / 1000 grams solvent

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21
Q

What does TD mean on a pipet?

A

To deliver - Let drain along the side of the receiving vessel

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22
Q

What does TC mean on a pipet?

A

To contain - Needs to be blown out

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23
Q

6.022 x 10 ^23 equals what?

A

One mole

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24
Q

pH = 7 is ?

A

Neutral

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25
Q

pH = >7 is ?

A

Alkaline

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26
Q

pH = <7 is?

A

Acidic

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27
Q

What are the parts of a spectrophotometer in the order light shines thru?

A

Light source, slit, monochromator, slit, curvet, detector, and read out device

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28
Q

What is the chemistry holy grail?

A

Normal values, analytical techniques, and clinical significance

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29
Q

Formula for % Transmittance?

A

I / Io X 100

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30
Q

Formula for Absorbance?

A

-log (I/ Io)
log100% - log %T
2 - log %T

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31
Q

I stands for?

A

Transmitted light (passes thru curvet and hits detector)

32
Q

Io stands for?

A

Incident light (beginning light, before passing thru curvet)

33
Q

What is Beers law?

A

Absorbance = (greek E) (b) (c)

34
Q

What does the greek E stand for in Beers Law?

A

Molar absorbity (constant for each type of molecule)

35
Q

What does the b stand for in Beers Law?

A

Length of the light path (curvet)

36
Q

What does the c stand for in Beers Law?

A

Concentration of the molecule absorbing the light

37
Q

_______ is directly proportional to the ________ in Beers Law.

A

Absorbance

Concentration

38
Q

What do you do when a spectrophotometer says a result is “out of linearity”?

A

Dilute the specimen because it may have a high concentration.

39
Q

How does a nephelometer work?

A

Light bounces off insoluble complexes and hits a photodetector that has been placed at an angle from the initial direction of light.

40
Q

What is turbidimetry?

A

Works same as nephelometer except photodetector is placed in the same angle of the initial light path.

41
Q

What does the nephelometer measure?

A

Measures transmitted (scattered) light.

42
Q

What does a turbidimetry measure?

A

Absorbance - light that has been blocked by insoluble complexes.

43
Q

What is fluorescence?

A

Molecules that absorb light at a given frequency and re-emit that light at a longer frequency.

44
Q

What are the advantages of fluorescence?

A

Very specific and sensitive

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of fluorescence?

A

Few molecules are fluorescent and these molecules are very susceptible to pH and temperature changes

46
Q

What does atomic adsorption measure?

A

Elements

47
Q

______ attract anions.

A

Anodes

48
Q

Anodes have a (_) charge?

A

Positive

49
Q

________ attract cations.

A

Cathodes

50
Q

Cathodes have a (_) charge?

A

Negative

51
Q

What test mixes chemicals together to produce colored products, shines a specific wavelength of light thru the solution, and measures how much of the light gets “absorbed”?

A

Spectrophotometry

52
Q

What test uses charged molecules and measures the movement of them at different rates when “pulled” through an electrical field?

A

Electrophoresis

53
Q

What does a monochromator do?

A

Isolates individual wavelengths of light

54
Q

What is IEP?

A

Immunoelectrophoresis

55
Q

What test uses electrophoresis of antigens followed by the addition of various antibodies to a parallel trough along the separated proteins, the antibodies diffused through the agar, and form lines of precipitation with their respective antigen?

A

Immunoelectrophoresis

56
Q

What is IFE?

A

Immunofixation Electrophoresis

57
Q

What test has antibody poured over a completed electrophoresis procedure to produce visible precipitation lines and is commonly used to measure immunoglobulin classes as well as free kappa and lambda chains?

A

Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE)

58
Q

What test has antigens undergo electrophoresis in a supporting agarose gel with specific antibody previously mixed into the gel?
(As the antigens move thru the gel, antigen-antibody complexes form creating visible precipitation lines in the shape of long arches)

A

Rocket (Laurell Technique)

59
Q

What test has the photodetector placed at a 180 degree angle from the light source and measure transmitted light?

A

Turbidimetry

60
Q

What test has the photodetector placed at a 90 degree angle from the light source and measure scattered light?

A

Nephelometry

61
Q

What is a labeled immunoassay?

A

A test where antigen or antibody is labeled (tagged) with a substance that can be detected later on and allows for the detection of an antibody-antigen reaction.

62
Q

What are the three types of tags?

A

Enzyme
Radioactive isotopes
Fluorescent molecules

63
Q

What is the heterogenous classification of competitive immunoassays?

A

Requires separation of bound from free antigen

64
Q

What is the homogenous classifications of competitive immunoassays?

A

No separation of bound and free antigen

65
Q

What is a competitive immunoassay?

A

A competition between tagged and un-tagged antigen for limited antibody.

66
Q

_______ concentration of patient antigen means that more of the antibody-antigen complexes are untagged.

A

High

67
Q

____ concentration of patient antigen means that more of the antibody-antigen complexes are tagged.

A

Low

68
Q

There is __________ relationship between patient antigen concentration and tag activity after the separation process.

A

Inverse

69
Q

What is ELISA?

A

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

70
Q

What is EMIT?

A

Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique

71
Q

What is steric hindrance?

A

Antibody binding to the enzyme-tagged-antigen inhibits enzymatic activity

72
Q

What type of immunoassay is fluorescence polarization?

A

Competitive

73
Q

Is fluorescence polarization a homogenous or heterogeneous assay?

A

Homogenous - no separation required

74
Q

All immunoassays involve what?

A

Antibody-antigen reactions

75
Q

_______ will have the antibody or antigen attached to a solid surface.

A

ELISA

76
Q

_____ technique utilizes steric hindrance of the enzyme tag.

A

EMIT

Clinical Chemistry (7 decks)

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