Test #3 Flashcards
What is a grain?
Also known as caryopsis, are dry single-seeded, indehiscent fruits.
The member poaceae has what type of family and what type of fruit?
It is a monocot family and have grains for their fruits.
Why is poaceae important?
It is the most important family that provides staple food not only for humans but also animals.
What is cereal?
It is an edible grain of certain grasses. It is also the number one food source for humans.
Describe grass plants
It is mostly herbaceous, with round stems, conspicuous nodes, and hollow internodes.
What are “Culms”?
They are major branches of the stems and are usually hollow at the intermodal region.
What type of root system does grasses have?
Grasses have a fibrous root system and adventitious roots that arise from lower nodes also frequently support them.
What does perennial grasses have?
They have stolons or rhizomes that help the grass spread through vegetative propagation.
What are lodicules?
reduced perianth
What is a pale?
It is an inner bract surrounding surrounding the entire incomplete floret.
What is a lemma?
It is an outer bract surrounding surrounding the entire incomplete floret.
What does the tip of the lemma do?
It can extend into a long, sharp awn that helps in dispersal.
What is bran?
It is a structure in which the pericarp and seed coat fuse together.
What is the germ in the seed?
It is a small embryo inside the seed
What makes up the bulk of the seed?
A well developed endosperm makes up the bulk of the seed.
What isa scutellum?
It is the grass embryo which consists of a single cotyledon.
attached to an embryonic shoot with a coleoptile and a coleorhiza.
What does the the coleoptile form?
It forms a shoot.
What does a coleorhiza form?
It forms a root.
What is the endosperm mostly made of?
It is mostly made of starch, as in rice, sometimes with a little protein like in wheat.
What is the aleurone layer?
It is a layer surrounding the endosperm inside the bran.
What is the aleurone layer made of?
This layer is rich in protein and fats.
What does the aleurone layer do?
It aids the embryo during the germination process by breaking down the starchy endosperm into simple sugars.
What was an original problem farmers had with cereal grasses?
The problem was called “lodging” and made harvesting nearly impossible even with machinery.
What is lodging?
Lodging is a term for crops that would fall over and become tangled due to heavy rains and strong winds.
What is shattering?
It is a natural process in grass plants that allows dispersal of the mature fruit further away from the parent plant.
What is threshing?
It is the process of removing the edible grain for human consumption.
What is winnowing?
It is a process of removing the dry broken chaff mixed with the grains after the completion of threshing.
What is a whole grain?
It is everything in a grain except the chaff and lodicules.
It includes bran, the endosperm, and the embryo, thus making it a healthy staple.
What is a polished grain? (AKA: pearling)
It is when the aleurone layer and the embryo gets removed, resulting in a white refined grain.
What grain feeds more people than any other?
Rice
Rice is a symbol of what?
Fertility and is considered sacred (asia)
What genus does rice belong to?
Oryza sativa.
Rice is native to where?
Southeastern parts of Asia.
Where did the cultivation of rice start?
It started in the middle east.
What are some major producers of rice in the Unites States?
California, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi.
Who is the larger producer of upland rice?
Brazil
What are the three types of rice?
- Indiica
- japonica
- javanica
What is beriberi?
It is a health condition that results in nerve inflammation.
The rice bran is a natural source of which vitamin?
Vitamin B
What process removes vitamin B?
The polishing process
Parboiled rice
It gets steamed along with the glumes that enable the starch to absorb the nutrients.
it takes longer to cook, does not stick, and retains a dull color.
Basmati rice
Is a fragrant, long grain rice preferred for its long, distinct cooked grains for making meat or vegetable-based middle eastern and indian spiced rice.
What is Biriyani rice?
vegetable-based middle eastern and indian spiced rice dishes.
Jasmine rice
Is the Thailand fragrant rice with a nutty aroma, nothing to do with jasmine.
Red rice
It is a fermented, red-purple colored rice used in place of regular white rice or as food coloring.
How does red rice acquire its color?
It acquires the red color through the inoculation of red yeast into the cooked rice.
Monascus purpueus
Wheat
It is an ancient grain.
Where is wheat native to?
It is thought to be native to Iraq and Syria.
Who is the major producer of wheat?
The U.S.A.
What does einkorn mean?
It means one grain.
What is einkorn?
It is the modified form of an early mutant that showed a suppressed shattering.
What is emmer wheat?
It is a tetraploid that resulted in a free threshing natural mutant type.
What is durum wheat?
free threshing natural mutant type from emmer wheat.
What is another name for wheat?
It is “the staff of life”
What is whole grain flour?
It is ground from the entire grain using the bran, germ, and the endosperm.
What is germ grain flour?
It comes only from endosperm and the germ, leaving out the bran.
What is white flour?
It contains only starch because it comes from the endosperm, leaving out the fiber rich bran and protein rich germ.
What is all purpose flour?
It is a blend of different wheat flours with a moderate amount of protein.
What is enriched flour?
It has vitamin B, iron, niacin added to plain white flour.
What is graham flour?
It is a blend of finely ground endosperm mixed with coarsely ground germ and bran flours.
What is self-rising flour?
It is wheat flour (white or whole wheat) pre-mixed with chemical agents that help in self rising when the cook makes dough or batter.
What is semolina flour?
comes from durum wheat.
What is corn?
It is a new world crop that grows well in both temperate and tropical regions.
What is another name for corn?
It is “indian maize”
What does Zea mean in Greek?
It means “to live”
Who introduced corn to Europe?
It was christopher columbus
What is one difference in the flower of corn then other cereal grasses?
The corn has unisexual flowers.
What is the ear of the corn?
It is the female inflorescence.
What is the difference between the location of make and female flowers on corn?
Male flowers are located in terminal branched inflorescences and female flowers are in the axil of the leaves.
Corn is ——— free and not as nutritious as ——
gluten
wheat
What is pellagra?
It is a disease characterized by dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis caused by tryptophan and niacin deficiency.
What is corn flour?
It has a mild flavor and use as a thickening agent.
What is cornmeal?
It is coarse wholegrain corn flour.
What are oats?
Usually used as secondary crops.
Where is oats native to?
Eurasia
What is oat grass stems used for?
It is used for livestock feed.
What are groats?
They are hulled oats that have their bran intact and can be eaten unrefined.
Highly nutritious
What can be found in oats?
amino acids, lysine, high amount of soluble/insoluble fiber and high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins B and E, and more calories than wheat.
What is oatmeal?
It is rolled oats used in making porridge, cookies, and bread.
What is sorghum?
like corn, has bisexual flowers.
Where if sorghum native to?
Africa
What is sorghum known as in the USA?
sorgo
What is sorghum known as in Africa?
great millet
What is sorghum known as in India?
cholam.
What cereal is the fourth most important?
Sorghum.
What are the three main uses for sorghum?
- syrup
- forage
- grain
What is silage?
food for cattle
Molasses is from which plant?
sorghum
Who is the “Broom Corn Capital of the World”?
Arcola, illinois
Where is sorghum widely used as beer?
Africa
What is the origin of barley?
Southwestern Asia
What is the major use of barley?
baking, beer, and whiskey making
Where is millet-finger originally from?
Africa
What is the most common use of millet-finger?
flat bread, porridge, beer
Where is millet-pearl originally from?
Africa
What is the most common use of millet-pearl?
flat bread, cooked, in beer
Where is rye from?
Southwestern Asia
What is the most common use of rye?
pumpernickel bread,rich source of lysine, rye whiskey, dutch gin, forage
Where is triticale originally from?
Artificial hybrid
What is the most common use of triticale?
Bread and replaces rye in most recipes
Where is wild rice originally from?
new world
What is the most common use for wild rice?
cooking
What is Sugarcane?
It is not a grain-yielding grass but is in poaceae and similar to sorghum.
What does sugar cane do for us?
It gives us common table sugar.
Who is the major cultivator of sugar cane?
Brazil
Who was probably the first country to make sugar from sugar cane?
India
What does sea mean?
To live
Corn has less—-than wheat
PROTEIN
polished grains have longer what?
Shelf life
Gluten
complex of proteins in the wheat grain.
Pellegra
Is due to the lack of tryhtophan and niacin
Products of Corn
Corn starch/meal/ flour/oil/syrup/corn based cereals and snacks.
industrial use
alcoholic beverages
genetic studies
Oats are often eaten:
at is eaten unrefined
Oats are highly—-
Nutritious
Sorghum is grown for what?
Grown for their grain, syrup (molasses), or as a forage and for making brooms.
Sorghum is an important staple in which country
Africa
Sorghum flowers are:
Bisexual
Oats are important to which country?
Scotland
Which type of fiber is oats?
Soluble fiber
What is poor mans wheat?
Rye
Rye is rich in what?
Fiber (even in the endosperm)
What is triticale?
Hybrid between wheat and rye
Barley was important to whom?
Important food for the ancient people of Mediterranean region.
When was barley was brought into cultivation?
brought into cultivation along with wheat, approximately 9,000 years ago in the Near East.
Cinnamon is from the family?
lauraceae
Which of the following cereal grass florets is/are unisexual?
CORN
A culm is what?
Hollow internodes of a monocot
When did Vasco da Gama went to India?
1498
When did christopher columbus find the new world?
1492
Who discovered a western route to the moluccas?
Magellan
When did the US spice history start?
1672
Who sold the first spice (black pepper) in the US?
Captain johnathan carnes
hat is one of the oldest and most valuable spices?
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is native to which country?
India and Siri Lanki
What is a dried rolled piece of cinnamon called?
Cinnamon quil
What family is cinnamon in?
Lauraceae
What is the family of cloves?
Myrtaceae
What are cloves?
Unopened flower buds
What is the “head” of the clove spice?
The flower bud
What is allspice known as?
jamaica pepper
clove pepper
pimento
Allspice
The dried, whole green berries.
What are blackened white peppers?
The dried fruits of piper nigrum
The family of the peppers?
piperaceae
The difference in the white and black pepper
The black pepper is picked while unripe, the white pepper is picked when ripe.
The process for both also differs.
Pepper is known as what?
The king of spices
nutmeg and mace are what type of plants?
dioecious
Indonesia and Grenada are are the world’s leading producers of what?
nutmeg
More than 70% of the world production of cardamom is grown where?
Kerala, India
Elakka is what?
Indian for cardamom
Turmeric is also known as
yellow ginger
Saffron comes from what?
autumn crocus
Autumn crocus is native to what?
The eastern mediterranean regions.
Who introduced saffron in the tenth century
Arabs
Who is the leading producer of saffron?
Spain
Vanilla is from
Vanilla planifolia
Where is vanilla native to?
Mexico
The spanish word vanilla refers to what?
The fruit pods called capsules.
What is the most expensive spice?
saffron
What is the second most expensive spice?
Vanilla
who is the leading producer of the vanilla bean?
Madagascar
peppers are from which family?
Solanaceae
