Test #3 Flashcards
What is a grain?
Also known as caryopsis, are dry single-seeded, indehiscent fruits.
The member poaceae has what type of family and what type of fruit?
It is a monocot family and have grains for their fruits.
Why is poaceae important?
It is the most important family that provides staple food not only for humans but also animals.
What is cereal?
It is an edible grain of certain grasses. It is also the number one food source for humans.
Describe grass plants
It is mostly herbaceous, with round stems, conspicuous nodes, and hollow internodes.
What are “Culms”?
They are major branches of the stems and are usually hollow at the intermodal region.
What type of root system does grasses have?
Grasses have a fibrous root system and adventitious roots that arise from lower nodes also frequently support them.
What does perennial grasses have?
They have stolons or rhizomes that help the grass spread through vegetative propagation.
What are lodicules?
reduced perianth
What is a pale?
It is an inner bract surrounding surrounding the entire incomplete floret.
What is a lemma?
It is an outer bract surrounding surrounding the entire incomplete floret.
What does the tip of the lemma do?
It can extend into a long, sharp awn that helps in dispersal.
What is bran?
It is a structure in which the pericarp and seed coat fuse together.
What is the germ in the seed?
It is a small embryo inside the seed
What makes up the bulk of the seed?
A well developed endosperm makes up the bulk of the seed.
What isa scutellum?
It is the grass embryo which consists of a single cotyledon.
attached to an embryonic shoot with a coleoptile and a coleorhiza.
What does the the coleoptile form?
It forms a shoot.
What does a coleorhiza form?
It forms a root.
What is the endosperm mostly made of?
It is mostly made of starch, as in rice, sometimes with a little protein like in wheat.
What is the aleurone layer?
It is a layer surrounding the endosperm inside the bran.
What is the aleurone layer made of?
This layer is rich in protein and fats.
What does the aleurone layer do?
It aids the embryo during the germination process by breaking down the starchy endosperm into simple sugars.
What was an original problem farmers had with cereal grasses?
The problem was called “lodging” and made harvesting nearly impossible even with machinery.
What is lodging?
Lodging is a term for crops that would fall over and become tangled due to heavy rains and strong winds.
What is shattering?
It is a natural process in grass plants that allows dispersal of the mature fruit further away from the parent plant.
What is threshing?
It is the process of removing the edible grain for human consumption.
What is winnowing?
It is a process of removing the dry broken chaff mixed with the grains after the completion of threshing.
What is a whole grain?
It is everything in a grain except the chaff and lodicules.
It includes bran, the endosperm, and the embryo, thus making it a healthy staple.
What is a polished grain? (AKA: pearling)
It is when the aleurone layer and the embryo gets removed, resulting in a white refined grain.
What grain feeds more people than any other?
Rice
Rice is a symbol of what?
Fertility and is considered sacred (asia)
What genus does rice belong to?
Oryza sativa.
Rice is native to where?
Southeastern parts of Asia.
Where did the cultivation of rice start?
It started in the middle east.
What are some major producers of rice in the Unites States?
California, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi.
Who is the larger producer of upland rice?
Brazil
What are the three types of rice?
- Indiica
- japonica
- javanica
What is beriberi?
It is a health condition that results in nerve inflammation.
The rice bran is a natural source of which vitamin?
Vitamin B
What process removes vitamin B?
The polishing process
Parboiled rice
It gets steamed along with the glumes that enable the starch to absorb the nutrients.
it takes longer to cook, does not stick, and retains a dull color.
Basmati rice
Is a fragrant, long grain rice preferred for its long, distinct cooked grains for making meat or vegetable-based middle eastern and indian spiced rice.
What is Biriyani rice?
vegetable-based middle eastern and indian spiced rice dishes.
Jasmine rice
Is the Thailand fragrant rice with a nutty aroma, nothing to do with jasmine.
Red rice
It is a fermented, red-purple colored rice used in place of regular white rice or as food coloring.
How does red rice acquire its color?
It acquires the red color through the inoculation of red yeast into the cooked rice.
Monascus purpueus
Wheat
It is an ancient grain.
Where is wheat native to?
It is thought to be native to Iraq and Syria.
Who is the major producer of wheat?
The U.S.A.
What does einkorn mean?
It means one grain.
What is einkorn?
It is the modified form of an early mutant that showed a suppressed shattering.
What is emmer wheat?
It is a tetraploid that resulted in a free threshing natural mutant type.
What is durum wheat?
free threshing natural mutant type from emmer wheat.
What is another name for wheat?
It is “the staff of life”
What is whole grain flour?
It is ground from the entire grain using the bran, germ, and the endosperm.
What is germ grain flour?
It comes only from endosperm and the germ, leaving out the bran.
What is white flour?
It contains only starch because it comes from the endosperm, leaving out the fiber rich bran and protein rich germ.
What is all purpose flour?
It is a blend of different wheat flours with a moderate amount of protein.
What is enriched flour?
It has vitamin B, iron, niacin added to plain white flour.
What is graham flour?
It is a blend of finely ground endosperm mixed with coarsely ground germ and bran flours.
What is self-rising flour?
It is wheat flour (white or whole wheat) pre-mixed with chemical agents that help in self rising when the cook makes dough or batter.
What is semolina flour?
comes from durum wheat.
What is corn?
It is a new world crop that grows well in both temperate and tropical regions.
What is another name for corn?
It is “indian maize”
What does Zea mean in Greek?
It means “to live”
Who introduced corn to Europe?
It was christopher columbus
What is one difference in the flower of corn then other cereal grasses?
The corn has unisexual flowers.
What is the ear of the corn?
It is the female inflorescence.
What is the difference between the location of make and female flowers on corn?
Male flowers are located in terminal branched inflorescences and female flowers are in the axil of the leaves.
Corn is ——— free and not as nutritious as ——
gluten
wheat
What is pellagra?
It is a disease characterized by dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis caused by tryptophan and niacin deficiency.
What is corn flour?
It has a mild flavor and use as a thickening agent.
What is cornmeal?
It is coarse wholegrain corn flour.
What are oats?
Usually used as secondary crops.
Where is oats native to?
Eurasia
What is oat grass stems used for?
It is used for livestock feed.
What are groats?
They are hulled oats that have their bran intact and can be eaten unrefined.
Highly nutritious
What can be found in oats?
amino acids, lysine, high amount of soluble/insoluble fiber and high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins B and E, and more calories than wheat.
What is oatmeal?
It is rolled oats used in making porridge, cookies, and bread.
What is sorghum?
like corn, has bisexual flowers.
Where if sorghum native to?
Africa
What is sorghum known as in the USA?
sorgo
What is sorghum known as in Africa?
great millet
What is sorghum known as in India?
cholam.
What cereal is the fourth most important?
Sorghum.
What are the three main uses for sorghum?
- syrup
- forage
- grain
What is silage?
food for cattle
Molasses is from which plant?
sorghum
Who is the “Broom Corn Capital of the World”?
Arcola, illinois
Where is sorghum widely used as beer?
Africa
What is the origin of barley?
Southwestern Asia
What is the major use of barley?
baking, beer, and whiskey making
Where is millet-finger originally from?
Africa
What is the most common use of millet-finger?
flat bread, porridge, beer
Where is millet-pearl originally from?
Africa
What is the most common use of millet-pearl?
flat bread, cooked, in beer
Where is rye from?
Southwestern Asia
What is the most common use of rye?
pumpernickel bread,rich source of lysine, rye whiskey, dutch gin, forage
Where is triticale originally from?
Artificial hybrid
What is the most common use of triticale?
Bread and replaces rye in most recipes
Where is wild rice originally from?
new world
What is the most common use for wild rice?
cooking
What is Sugarcane?
It is not a grain-yielding grass but is in poaceae and similar to sorghum.
What does sugar cane do for us?
It gives us common table sugar.
Who is the major cultivator of sugar cane?
Brazil
Who was probably the first country to make sugar from sugar cane?
India
What does sea mean?
To live
Corn has less—-than wheat
PROTEIN
polished grains have longer what?
Shelf life
Gluten
complex of proteins in the wheat grain.
Pellegra
Is due to the lack of tryhtophan and niacin
Products of Corn
Corn starch/meal/ flour/oil/syrup/corn based cereals and snacks.
industrial use
alcoholic beverages
genetic studies
Oats are often eaten:
at is eaten unrefined
Oats are highly—-
Nutritious
Sorghum is grown for what?
Grown for their grain, syrup (molasses), or as a forage and for making brooms.
Sorghum is an important staple in which country
Africa
Sorghum flowers are:
Bisexual
Oats are important to which country?
Scotland
Which type of fiber is oats?
Soluble fiber
What is poor mans wheat?
Rye
Rye is rich in what?
Fiber (even in the endosperm)
What is triticale?
Hybrid between wheat and rye
Barley was important to whom?
Important food for the ancient people of Mediterranean region.
When was barley was brought into cultivation?
brought into cultivation along with wheat, approximately 9,000 years ago in the Near East.
Cinnamon is from the family?
lauraceae
Which of the following cereal grass florets is/are unisexual?
CORN
A culm is what?
Hollow internodes of a monocot
When did Vasco da Gama went to India?
1498
When did christopher columbus find the new world?
1492
Who discovered a western route to the moluccas?
Magellan
When did the US spice history start?
1672
Who sold the first spice (black pepper) in the US?
Captain johnathan carnes
hat is one of the oldest and most valuable spices?
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is native to which country?
India and Siri Lanki
What is a dried rolled piece of cinnamon called?
Cinnamon quil
What family is cinnamon in?
Lauraceae
What is the family of cloves?
Myrtaceae
What are cloves?
Unopened flower buds
What is the “head” of the clove spice?
The flower bud
What is allspice known as?
jamaica pepper
clove pepper
pimento
Allspice
The dried, whole green berries.
What are blackened white peppers?
The dried fruits of piper nigrum
The family of the peppers?
piperaceae
The difference in the white and black pepper
The black pepper is picked while unripe, the white pepper is picked when ripe.
The process for both also differs.
Pepper is known as what?
The king of spices
nutmeg and mace are what type of plants?
dioecious
Indonesia and Grenada are are the world’s leading producers of what?
nutmeg
More than 70% of the world production of cardamom is grown where?
Kerala, India
Elakka is what?
Indian for cardamom
Turmeric is also known as
yellow ginger
Saffron comes from what?
autumn crocus
Autumn crocus is native to what?
The eastern mediterranean regions.
Who introduced saffron in the tenth century
Arabs
Who is the leading producer of saffron?
Spain
Vanilla is from
Vanilla planifolia
Where is vanilla native to?
Mexico
The spanish word vanilla refers to what?
The fruit pods called capsules.
What is the most expensive spice?
saffron
What is the second most expensive spice?
Vanilla
who is the leading producer of the vanilla bean?
Madagascar
peppers are from which family?
Solanaceae
peppers are native to which country?
South America
Masala
indian spice powders
Cayenne pepper stimulates what?
Blood circulation
Burning sensation of peppers
capsaicin
Carrot family
Apiaceae
Parsley originated from where?
Persia
Coriander is native to which country?
Southwest Asia
garam masala
indian powder
Ajwain native to
eastern mediterranean
Asafoetida is native to
Iran and west africa
Mustard family
Distinguished by the cruciform arrangement of petals, which are often cross-like.
What is in the family Apiaceae?
Ajwain Anise Asafoetida Caraway Coriander Cumin Dill Fennel Parsley
What herbs are in the Asteraceae family?
Tarragon
What herbs are in the Braccicaceae family?
Horseradish black mustard brown mustard white mustard wasabi
What herbs are in the Capparaceae family?
Capers
What herbs are in the Fabaceae family?
Fenugreek
What herbs are in the Lamiaceae family?
Basil morjoram oregano peppermint rosemary sage spearmint thyme
What herbs are in the Rutaceae family?
Indian curry leaf
“hot dog” mustard is a mixture of what?
Two or more kinds of mustard and turmeric added for color.
Before the introduction of peppers and capsicums what was used as a source of hot pungent taste?
Horseradish
What is the binomial for horseradish?
Amoracia rusticana
What is used to prepare the horseradish sauce?
The fleshy taproots
What causes the sharp taste?
Sinigrin and isothiocyanates
Sinigrin and isothiocyanates are found in?
Wasabi
black mustard
horseradish
Wasabi is also known as?
Japanese horseradish
Wasabi is native to
Japan
What is the mint family called?
Lamiaceae
Where did the mint family originate from?
The mediterranean region
How can you identify the mint family?
Squraish stem
simple aromatic leaves
irregular flowers
Which herb is the most widely grown herb?
M. Piperita
aka peppermint
What typeof plants are the oreganos?
Perennial plants
When was oregano introduced to the USA?
World War 2
Many chefs around the world consider this to be “the king of herbs”
Basil
Thyme
versatile herb used for many things.
What is tulsi?
Basil in India
Basil is a symbol of what in India
It is a symbol of purity
Basil is known for what?
It is known for it healing power for common colds, fevers, treating eyes and skin.
What medicine refers to basil for its use?
Ayurvedic
Rosemary
A wooded fragrant shrub with needle like leaves.
Rosemary is native to
The mediterranean region
Sage
small woody plant with slight peppery flavor.
Which herb was most commonly used as a remedy in the olden days?
Sage
Capers binomial
Capparis spinosa
Capers are in what family?
Capparidaceae
What is the use of capers?
It is used as a flavor enhancer
The caper bush is native to
Mediterranean region
The bioflavonoid is a valued antioxidant in which plant?
Capers
Tarragon is native to
Eurasia
Who makes carbonated soft drinks with tarrago syrup?
Armenia
Russia
Persia
Tarragon was introduced to the USA in
the 19th century
Indian curry leaf is native to
India
Which herb is the oldest medicinal herb?
Fenugreek
Where does fenugreek originate from?
The mediterranean region
“curry” the word originated from where?
India
A spice that combines the flavor of cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves is?
Pimenta dioica-allspice
Which is the “king of spices”?
Black pepper
Which of the following do Hindu religious rituals use extensively
Turmeric
Which of the following paris of spices come from the same fruit?
Nutmeg and mace
Eugenol
cloves
Myristicin
Nutmeg
What two spices are modified, underground storage rhizomes?
Ginger and turmeric
In 1271——began his travels at 17ys old to the Orient and witnessed the spice plantations
Marco Polo
Which of the following spices has uses in desserts, medicines, toothpaste and also in cigarettes?
Cloves
Ginger is native to
Asia and India
Chinese mustard is also consumed as a
Leafy green
Commercially sold coriander and cumin are not
Real seeds
Asafoetida is the dried root of a giant fennel
FALSE
The USA spice trade started with
Black pepper
Clove is in the same family as?
Guava
The family clove is in
Myrtaceae
The unopened clove bud is
the spice
What is in the unopened clove bud?
Essential oils
The pepper plant
Is a climbing vine
The pepper is native to?
India and east indies
Saffrom is from
from the stigmas of the ovary
The term saffron comes from where?
Arabic: Zafarn (yellow)
which spice is the most expensive?
Saffron
Plant narcotics
A variety of metabolic secondary plant products that have a profound effect on the human mental state.
What do narcotic drugs do?
bind to the nervous system and alter the natural interactions between cell nerves
What do Stimulants do?
Temporarily increase alertness, reduce hunger and increase performance.
What are some examples of stimulants?
Caffeine
cocaine
ephedrine
nicotine
What do hallucinogens do?
Cause changes in thought, emotion ; modify perception and consciousness; dreamlike state and cognitive skill.
What are some examples of hallucinogens?
Marijuana
LSD
What do depressants do?
Induce a sleep like state, dull mental awareness; reduce physical performances.
loss in motor coordination and slurred speech
What are some examples of depressants?
Opiates
Tropane alkaloids
Other names for marjuana
ganga
pot
weed
grass
Marjuana is made from
shredded plant parts of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa
What family is the marjuana plant from?
Cannabinaceae
Where did the marjuana plant originate from?
Central Asia
The unfertilized female flower and adjacent leaves of the marjuana plant have what on them?
Granular trichomes with sticky resin.
What is the sticky resin from the marjuana plant?
It is the psychoactive compounds known as THC.
What is THC
tetrahydrocannabinol
What is “ma”
chinese word for the hemp plant
Where does the term “land of mulberry and hemp” refer to?
China
China first used hemp for what?
Paper
Who first used marjuana for its hallucinogenic properties?
India
Who discovered that marjuana could yield a more potent resin from what?
India
unfertilized female flowers
What was the name of the more potent resin called?
sinsemilla
What is the milk based religious drink called?
bhang
The potent female flowers and upper leaves are called
ganga
What did Indians usually do with the ganga?
smoke it.
What is the most pure and potent resin called?
Charas or hashish
Marjuana was used in hooks by whom?
Arabs
Where is opium from?
The opium poppy
What family is opium from?
Papaveraceae
Where is opium originally from?
Southeastern Europe
western Asia
Opium war had a huge impact on whom?
China
Sumerian tablets called opium what?
“joy plant”
What is coca?
Source of powerful alkaloid cocaine.
Coca plants are native to?
the andes mountains in south america
Cocaine is also called
blow
coke
crack
snow
Cocaine does what to your body?
it is an euphoric stimulant and appetite suppressor.
What drink had cocaine in it?
Coca-cola
“Coke”
hydrochloride salt that dissolves in water
“Crack”
smokable form of cocaine
“Rocks”
The solid form of “crack”
Tobacco
An alkaloid, nicotine,
Where are nicotiana tabacum and N. rustic found?
south america and the south pacific
Where is N. suaveolens found?
Australia
Alkaloid is found in what parts of the tobacco plant?
all parts of the plant
Who considered tobacco a sacred plant?
Native American Indians
The statue of Thomas Jefferson is of him standing on what?
tobacco and corn
What plant is the most important cash earning, non-food crop in the world?
The tobacco plant
What type of plants are from the family Solanaceae?
Belladonna Henbane Mandrake jimson weed tobacco
Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake, jimson weed have what type of psychoactive nature?
Hallucinogen
Opium have what type of psychoactive nature?
Depressant
Belladonna
yields atropine that one can absorb directly through the skin
What are tropane alkaloids?
A class of secondary metabolites naturally found in many members of solanaceae
What is the binomial for henbane?
Hysoscyamus niger
What does henbane contain?
scopolamine
hyoscyamine
atropine
Which is the least toxic due to relatively low amounts of atropine?
Henbane
What is the binomial for mandrake root?
Mandragora officinarum
What figure does the mandrake root look like?
male and female figures
Which large brown root resembles a parsnip?
Mandrake root
Which three plants played a large role in Europe during the Middle ages
Mandrake
henbane
belladona
What is peyote?
new world hallucinogens.
What are some herbs in the family Apiaceae?
Dill anise cilantro cumin carrot parsnip celery
What is “Devil’s dung”?
The asafoetida
Herbs fall into three main families:
Apiaceae
Brassicaceae
Lamiaceae
What type of vegetables are in the family brassicaceae?
brussel sprouts, broccoli, kohlrabi, radish, turnip, cabbage, cauiflower
Where does the yellow coloring in mustard come from?
Turmeric
Which herbs degrade easily?
Horseradish and wasabi
What is sinigrin?
The cause for the “bite” in horseradish.
Sinigrin is in which herbs?
Horseradish
Wasabi
What is curry powder
A mixture of different spices
Jimsonweed is native to
The United States
The jimsonweed is used as
An intoxicant
What is the jimsonweed rich in?
scopolamine
What is the most hallucinogenic of all tropane alkaloids>
Scopolamine
Angels trumpet is native to
Brazil
What parts of the angels trumpet are toxic in large portions?
All of it.
What are the toxic properties of angels trumpet?
Scopolamine and atropine.
What are some lesser known plants?
Peyote Kava Betel Ololiugui Kat Caapi
What are some Poisonous plants?
Castor beans milweed Oleander Curare jack in the pulpit skunk cabbage dumb cane
Peyote is in which family?
Cactaceae
This wooly green cactus grows close to the ground and contains the most active hallucinogen mescaline among 30 different alkaloids.
Peyote
Hallucinations of this plant can last up to 12 hours!!
Peyote
What kind of plant is Kava?
A shrubby plant
What is the binomial for Kava?
Piper methysticum
What does methysticum mean?
Intoxicating
What else does Kava refer to (other than a plant)
A pungent beverage from its roots.
What is the family of Kava?
Piperaceae
Kava is an ancient crop from where?
The pacific islands
What is the active ingredient to Kava?
Kavalactones
What part of the kava plant is used?
the root part
Betel is also from what family?
The pepper family
Describe the plant Betel
It is a perennial climber with glossy crisp-textured leaves.
Betel is native to
India and Siri Lanka
Betel is a symbol of what?
welcome and hospitality
What part of the plant betel is used?
The leaf.
What is another word for a betel leaf
paan.
What family is Ololiuqui in?
Convolulaceae
What does the plant ololiuqui look like?
vines with thin cordate leaves and long funnel-shapped flowers.
The seeds of the Ololiuqui contain
A chemical D-Lysergic acid amide
Kat is in what family?
Celasreaceae
Kat is native to
Ethiopia
What part of the plant is used?
Leaves
What is Caapi also known as?
cyahuasca
yaje
cipo
Caapi is in what family?
Malpighiaceae
Where is Caapi native to
South America
What family is Castor beans in?
Euphorbiaceae
What is the toxic protein in Caapi?
ricin
What is the most deadly poison?
Castor beans
What are two poisonous plants in the family Apocynaceae?
Milkweed
Oleander
How does dumb cane affect us?
It has calcium oxalate crystals in the form of needles that poke us and cause swelling, burning and temporary paralysis.
Curare
Different types of concoctions made from poisonous plants
What are commonly used plants in curare
Strychnos toxifera
Chondrodendron tomentosum
Strychnos nux-vomica is native to?
Southeast asia
This poison is also used in rat poison
Strychnos nux-vomica
Poison hemlock is also known as
poison parsley
Poison hemlock is also in the same family as?
Carrots and celery
Mescal bean is a member of what family?
Fabaceae
Which is the major source of alkaloids?
Mescal bean
Mescal bean is native to
North America
The psychoactive compounds of marjuana mostly occur in the
Glandular trichomes
The largest legal producer of opium is
India
Frederick Serturner isolated which of the following?
Morphine
Which of the following would fit the category of stimulant drug?
Cocaine
Which of the following belongs to convolvulaceae?
Kat
Abrin is the toxic in which plant?
Jequirity bean
Cardiac glycosides
Milk weed
Coniine
poison hemlock
Which of the following genera exemplify the doctrine of signatures?
Mandragora
Which plant drug was traditionally prepared by chewing the root fragments to make a beverage
Kava
A legal drug obtained from opium is
Codeine
Cannacis is native to the new world
False
The most recent discovery of opium use was in the arab world
False
Crude opium is derived from
dried latex
Scopolamine is a
tropane alkaloid
Native american churches accept
peyote use
India is the land of mulberry and hemp
false
Crude opium traditionally filled hookas
false
Roots originally produced the alkaloids in
Tobacco
Ricin is an alkaloid
False
Grasses belong to which family?
Poaceae
How much of the worlds vegetation is from the grass family?
25%
Which three food crops are the most extensively grown?
Wheat
rice
corn
What is a grass panicle?
A type of inflorescence made up of florets
describe the grass flower
florets, small, inconspicuous and incomplete,
borne on inflorescences
petal and sepals are reduced to lodicules
Describe the grass floret structure
3 stamens
1 carpel
1 ovule
surrounded by 2 bracts
What makes up the bracts?
Palea-closer to the flower
Lemma-furthest from the flower
What is the germ in the grain?
The embryo
Indica rice is
Long grain, do not stick together when cooked
Japonica
Short grain, sticks together when cooked.
Javanica
Large grain
Who is the leading producer of whole grains
USA
Oats are important to which country
Scotland
This plant is relatively similar to corn, however the flowers are bisexual
Sorghum
Where is Millet grown?
Africa
India
China
Millet is used in the USA as
forage grass and birdseed
What is wild rice also known as?
water oats
Which grains are not “real” grains?
Amaranth
buckwheat
Quinoa
Buckwheat is from
the middle east
Quinoa is from
South America
Pinnate means
Feather
Trichome
Out growth on plant epidermis
Glandular trichome
Secreation/tip at the tip of the trichome
Tetrahydro cannabinol
The sticky secretion.
What is THC?
Tetrahydro cannibinol
Palmately C.
All the leaves attached to one spot, leaves are always odd number
Ganja is made of what?
Female flowers and young leaves
Ganja is from where?
India
Uses of marijuana in India
Bhang
Ganja
Hashish/charas
Sinsemilla-more potent, resin.
