Test #2 Flashcards
Fruit occurs in mostly what type of plants
angiosperms
what is pericarp?
The ovary wall that becomes the fruit wall.
What is parthenocarpic?
Fruit that is formed from an unfertilized but mature ovary.
Name two examples of a parthenocarpic
banana
pineapple
What is an accessory flower?
fertilized or not with the presence of flower parts.
What are the three types of fruit possibilities
It is a fertilized, unfertilized and either/or has flower parts.
What are the three parts of seed structures?
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
What are the two categories of fruits based on the pericarp?
Fleshy fruits
Dry fruits
what are the 4 types of fruits that are derived from a single flower with one ovary resulting in one fruit?
- berry
- drupe
- pome
- pepo
Berry developed from what type of ovary?
either superior or inferior.
what are some examples of the fruit type berry?
Guava, kiwi, cranberry, tomato, blueberry.
describe the fruit berry based on the layers:
The exocarp is thin, both the mesocarp and endocarp are fused and fleshy. seeds are numbers.
Describe the fruit plant drupe based on the fleshy layers:
Has a pit on the inside. Exocarp is relatively thin, and the mesocarp is either fleshy or fibrous. The endocarp is stony and encloses a single seed.
Examples of the fleshy fruit Drupe:
Cherry, Olive, Coconut, Peach and mango
Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit pome:
The receptacle that surrounds the ovary also becomes part of the fruit. the exocarp is thin, the mesocarp is fleshy, and the endo carp is thin.
Examples of the fleshy fruit pepo is:
squashes, melons; watermelon, pumpkin etc
Examples of the fleshy fruit pome is:
apple,pear, quince, etc.
Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit pepo:
The receptacle that surrounds the ovary also becomes part of the fruit, making it an accessory fruit.
The exocarp is thick and forms a hard rhind, the mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy and the seeds are numerous.
Most common ovary position for the berry
both.
superior or inferior
most common ovary position for the drupe
both.
superior or inferior
most common ovary position for the pome
semi-inferior
most common ovary position for the pepo
inferior
most common ovary position for the hesperidium
superior
What is the fruit type for a single flower with many ovaries
aggregate fruit
What flower type is is derived from many flowers in an inflorescence?
multiple fruits
Define a fleshy fruit
The entire pericarp or any one or more of the three layers remain fleshy, resulting in a fleshy fruit.
Define a dry fruit
The entire paricarp is dry at the time of maturity.
Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit hesperidium:
The exocarp is leathery, the mesocarp is spongy (usually white) and the endocarp is thin, with juice filled hairs.
Give an example of a hesperidium:
Oranges, grapefruits, any citrus type fruit.
What is an aggregate fruit?
A conglomeration of several individual units made of berries, dupes, or achenes that make up one single fruit.
What type of ovaries are most aggregate fruits from?
Superior ovaries.
What is multiple fruit?
a single fruit but formed as a result of the union of the mature ovaries, the surrounding flower parts, the receptacle, and the and the central axis of the inflorescence.
What type of ovaries are most multiple fruits from?
The position of the ovary is not critical. both are present (~equally)
What are are the two types of dry fruit?
- Dry, dehiscent fruit
2. Dry,indehiscent fruit
What are dry, dehiscent fruits?
fruits in which the pericarp will split open to release the seeds for dispersal.
What are some types of dry dehiscent fruits?
- legume
- follicle
- capsule
- silique
What is the characteristic(s) of a legume?
At maturity, the fruits split open in two sutures, dorsal and ventral.
What is are examples of a legume dry, dehiscent fruit?
beans, peas and peanuts.
What is the characteristic(s) of a follicle?
At maturity, the fruits split along one suture.
What is an example of a follicle dry, dehiscent fruit?
milkweed
What is an example of a capsule dry, dehiscent fruit?
okra, poppy, vanilla
What is the characteristic(s) of a capsule?
At maturity the fruit splits open in more than two sutures.
What is the most abundant dry, dehiscent fruit?
capsule.
What is the characteristic(s) of a silique?
At maturity, it splits open in two sutures, except that the seeds attach in a partition called replum.
What is an example of a silique dry, dehiscent fruit?
most members of mustard family.
What are some types of dry indehiscent fruits?
- achene
- caryopsis or grain
- nut
- samara
- schizocarp
What are dry, indehiscent fruits?
The pericarp will not split open but moves along with seeds during dispersal.
What is the characteristic(s) of a achene?
A single-seeded fruit with a dry, loose pericarp.
What is the characteristic(s) of a caryopsis or grain?
A single-seeded fruit with the pericarp firmly fused with the seed coat.
What is the characteristic(s) of a nut?
A single-seeded fruit with the entire pericarp forming a hard, stony loose layer surrounding the seed.
What is the characteristic(s) of a samara?
a modified achene, pericarp developed into a wing.
What is the characteristic(s) of a schizocarp?
composed of two units, each with its own single seed called a mericarp, which separate easily from each other in the middle.
What are the four subfamilies of the roasaceae family?
- maloideae
- amygdaloideae
- rosoideae
- spiraeoideae
What does the family maloideae include?
pome fruits like apple and pear.
What does the family amygdaloideae include?
stone fruits like peaches and cherries
What does the family rosoideae include?
aggregate fruits like strawberry and rose hip
What does the family spiraeoideae include?
fruits that are dry and inedible like bridal wreath.
Apple name
Malus pumila
pear name
Pyrus communis
Quince name
Cydonia oblonga
peach name
Prunus persica
Plum name
Prunus domestica
Apricot name
Prunus armeniaca
sweet cherry name
Prunus avium
sour cherry name
Prunus cerasus
What are some exceptions that fall into one or more of the fruit categories? (shared in class)
pomegranate
kiwi
avacado
banana
The gritty texture of a pear is due (in part) to what?
Stone cells
what fruit is often mistaken for pears except they have sweeter aromatic flesh?
Quinces
Stone fruits are in which subfamily?
amygdaloideae
What is a stone fruit
A fruit that has a hard endocarp (stone) enclosing a single seed called a “pit” exist in all members of this subfamily.
What are some examples of fruit within the stone fruit?
peaches nectarines apricots plums cherries
what is the third most important fruit crop in the United States?
Peaches
What is an example of multiple fruit?
pineapple.
Give examples of aggregate fruit
strawberry
blackberry
what is another word for grain?
caryopsis
tomato name
soanum lycopersicum
What does the cucurbit family consist of?
zucchini cucumber bottle gourd chayote squash luffa bitter melon
What vegetable is used in south america (peru) as a cup for chicha?
Bottle gourd
What layer of skin is used for the cup that issued to drink chicha?
exocarp
What type of fruit(s) have a white spongey mesocarp?
citrus fruits
cucumbers belong to the same genus as what?
cantelope
What summer squash if not picked in time gets a thick and hard skin?
zucchini
what are some types of berries?
pepper
eggplant
tomatillo
What part of the coconut do we eat?
endosperm
Fermented beverages called toddy or arak are made from what?
Coconuts
Give an example of some nuts from the endocarp of a drupe:
Almonds
pistachios
What are some drupaceous nuts?
Walnuts
pecans
What are some real nuts?
macadamia
cashew
hazelnut
Chestnuts
Where are macadamia nuts originally from?
Australia
What is kaju?
An important dish in india made with cashews in it.
What is another name for hazelnut?
filbert
cob nut
Whats another name for okra?
“ladys finger”
malvaceae
What are the two names in which okra is used in indian cooking
bhindi
vendi
What did aztec indians call the the avocado tree?
testicle tree
What is the avocado “capital” in the world?
California
Which fruit has up to 30% oil in the fleshy part, which is a mono saturated fat and helps promote heart health?
Avocado
olives also have the same amount of oil.
Where is the oil from an olive found?
mesocarp
What is oleuropein?
A compound in an olive that causes it to have a bitter taste.
What is lycopene and where is it found?
Lycopene is an antioxidant, carotinoid and found in tomatoes.
who are the two men mentioned in class that were mentioned to have to do with tomatoes?
- colonel robert johnson
2. john nix
What is the “king of all fruits”
Durian
What fruit is also known as the “Seed of the sun”?
Apricots
Kiwis have a protein degrading enzyme, used in meat tenderizers called?
actinidin
Which fruit is a pseudo-berry that is formed from an inferior ovary?
Banana
What awesome super fruits?
pomegranates
guava
blueberries
cranberries
Why is blackberry an aggregate fruit instead of a multiple fruit?
because blackberries are from a single flower with many separate ovaries resulting in one fruit, not multiple flowers.
What fruits do we only eat the aril?
pomegranate
passion fruit
Botanically speaking, the strawberry is a(n)
aggregate fruit of many achenes.
Which south american fruit remained ill-famed in europe and united states for a long time in history
tomato
A true nut that also gives us an accessory fruit is?
cashew
Guava is what kind of fruit?
Berry
Mango is what kind of fruit?
Drupe
In hunza, a kingdom in the himalayas, what fruit is an important part of the diet?
apriocot
Amygdalin is present in the pits of which fruits?
Almond
peach
cherry
Acyanide precurser compound exists in all stone fruits of the rose family
true
Citrus fruits are an important part of the American diet because their native origin is north America
false
People believed that walnuts had the ability to ward off spirits
true
Chayote is a single seeded squash
true
Guava fruits have more vitamin C than citrus does
true
The avocado is rich is saturated fatty acids making it a good choice for a healthy diet
False
Wild figs undergo a unique pollination mechanism
true
Purple color and larger size distinguish kalamato olives that are popular in the unites states
true
Brazil nuts are the endocarp of a capsule
false
Most north american chestnuts are from the species native to North America
false
What are legumes?
dry dehiscent fruit pods of a dicotyledon family, fabaceae
What are the subfamilies of fabaceae?
Faboideae
caesalpinioideae
mimosoideae
Faboideae includes:
herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees.
What is the faboideae’s distinguishing feature(s)?
The composition of the leaves in pinnate or trifoliate fashion and flowers that are butterfly shaped and zygomorphic.
What are lentils?
pulses derived from several varieties of a legume plant, Lens culinaris, native to the near east.
Describe the lentil seeds:
seeds are usually sold as lens-shaped individual pieces, each one is a cotyledon.
What is the name of an indian dish that is made with lentils?
Dhal
Peanut is also known as what?
ground nut
goober
Where is the peanut native to?
peru
What is the major grower of the peanut?
China
What is a peanut gynophore?
An ovary stalk that elongates after fertilization and grows towards the ground
What are the two common types of peanuts?
spanish type and virginia type
What is the difference between the virginia type peanut and the spanish type?
the spanish peanut has only two spots for the seeds in the peanut and has higher oil.
The virginia type has larger seeds and less oil
What did george washington carver do?
he gave many reasons why and how to use peanuts
What is a soybean?
A twining or prostate plant
What is soybean known as?
“cinderella crop”
“cow without bones”
Which country is the number one supplier of the soybean?
The USA
TVP comes from what plant?
Soybeans
What is Trypsin?
An enzyme that interferes with the digestion of other proteins.
What is a tamarind?
A tall, spreading tree with long, brown pods that hang in clusters.
What is the origin of the tamarind?
India
How is this legume different from the others?
It has a fleshy, brown, tart, and sometimes sweet sticky pulp surrounding the seeds.
What is a Carob?
much like the tamarind
What is the origin of the Carob?
The mediterranean
What is also unique about this legume?
The mesocarp is sweet and can be eaten raw.
What term of measurement came from the seeds of the Carob?
“carat”
What is the king of forge legumes?
Alfalfa
The “bran” of grains consists of what?
seed coat and fruit wall.
A “culm” I’m what?
Hallow internodes of a monocot
When you are eating white bread made from refined flour, what part of the grain are you mostly eating?
endosperm
“corn silk” is what part of the corn plant?
Style part of female flowers
Beriberi, a nerve inflammation, is common among people who eat mostly —– as a staple food without the addition of other nutrients in their diet.
white rice
Peanuts are from where?
South America
Sorghum is from where?
Africa
This city/state boasts its production of peanuts that it has a peanut statue.
Durant, Oklahoma
Why did a St. Louis physician (first) prepare “peanut butter”?
For patients who had difficulty chewing regular food.
What genus is kidney bean and string beans in?
Phaseolus
Fabaceae is a large family further subdivide based on the fruit type.
FALSE
Based on the flower type
Wheat is food for billions.
FALSE
Rice is the food for billions
“Paddy” may refer to rice raised in wetlands with standing water.
TRUE
The activity of removing the grains from the bracts is lodging.
FALSE
“wild rice” belongs to the same genus as the long grain rice.
FALSE
Triticale is the hybrid between wheat and rye.
TRUE
Dhal is an Indian name that refers to the dry seed of a legume.
TRUE
Golden rice is a genetically modified rice
TRUE
Oats were secondary crops meaning they were second in nutrition compared to wheat.
FALSE
Sugarcane plants use sett for vegetative propagation.
True
What is the second most popular beverage?
tea
What is the name of the tea shrub?
Camellia sinensis
What is the family that tea is in?
Theaceae
Where is tea native to?
The foothills of the himalayas
Who were the two people responsible for the start of tea spreading?
the dutch and mainly the british
Tea was richly spread around by the 17th century in which country?
England
Describe white tea:
The mildest of teas.
The tip of certain cultivars dried fast to retain their silvery white color. Has less caffeine but more nutrients because of minimal processing.
Describe black tea:
Leaves are oxidized and yield a dark beverage with a stronger flavor and more caffeine .
Withering process and firing process occurs.
leaves go through a fermentation process
Describe Green tea:
undergo a minimal oxidation process and yield a green beverage.
green tea leaves are not fermented like the black tea leaves.
Describe Oolong tea:
prepared from a semi oxidized (semi-fermented) greenish brown leaves.
requires great skill.
What doe oolong mean?
Black dragon
What is brassica tea?
SGS was added.
this tea is to combine the beneficial effects of broccoli and tea.
Iced tea
Richard Blechynden first introduced it to the American public at a St. Louis world fair in 1904.
What happened in the 1650”s?
Tea was introduced to the new world.
What are tea bags made of?
Most are plant based, usually from banana fibers called cabaca fibers
What became more popular in the 1940”s?
Instant coffee
India is the largest tea producing country in the world.
TRUE
What is the “champagne of tea”?
Darjeeling
Tea contains about how much caffeine compared to coffee
about 1/2
How many cups of tea a day should one have for optimum health benefits?
4
Coffee is native to which country?
Ethiopa
Who first discovered coffee?
Goathearders
What is a pea berry?
A single seeded coffee bean.
Which coffee has the highest caffeine content?
Coffea arabica
What are “penny Universities”?
Coffee houses
What is wet processing?
method that yields superior or mild coffee.
What is dry processing?
Method that yields natural or hard coffee
ICO stands for what?
International Coffee Organization
What determines the fine aroma and flavor of coffee?
The roasting method
What is decaffeination?
It is the process of removing the alkaloid caffeine from the unroasted coffee beans.
What is an espresso?
concentrated form of coffee consumed plain or as an ingredient in cappuccinos, lattes, etc.
What is an Americano?
Espresso poured into hot water
What is a cappuccino?
The combination of equal parts (1/3) of espresso, steamed milk and milk froth.
What is a latte?
An espresso mixed with plenty of milk.
What is a mocha latte?
An espresso mixed with hot cocoa
Who was the first to brew coffee?
The Arabs.
Who declared coffee to be a christian beverage in the 17th century?
Pope Clement VIII
Who were the first to cultivate coffee commercially in Asia?
Dutch
Who leads the world in the production of coffee?
Brazil
Who is the leading importer in the world?
The USA
What was the first “instant coffee” like?
Paste
Which coffee taste “the best”
High mountain coffee
What was probably the first drink made from coffee?
A fermented alcoholic drink
What are chocolate “beans”
the seeds from the cacao tree
How was coffee first used?
As a beverage
Describe the beverage Asi
From the family Aquifoliaceae, the parts used to make this drink is the leaves and native to SE USA.
Describe the beverage Chicory
From the Asteraceae family, made from the roots and native to SE Europe.
Describe the beverage Chocolate
From the Sterculiaceae family, the seeds are used and it is native to South America.
Describe the beverage Coffee
From the Rubiaceae family, seeds are used and native to Ethiopia.
Describe the beverage Cola
From the family Sterculiaceae, the seeds are used and native in Africa
Describe the beverage Guarana
From the family Sapindaceae, The seeds are used, From South America
Describe the beverage Guayusa
From the Aquifoliaceae family, leaves are used, native to South America
Describe the beverage Mate
From the Aquifoliaceae family, leaves are used, native to South America
Describe the beverage tea
From the Theaceae family, The tip leaves are used, native to China, india, tibet, myanmar
The Aztecs believed what was the food of Gods?
Cacao
The indians of Mexico made this beverage for the priests and nobelmen
Chocolatl
Who opened the first chocolate factory?
The spanish
What is Chocolate liquor?
A dark brown oily paste, made from crushed nibs.
When chocolate liquor solidifies it becomes what?
Baking Chocolate
Cocoa powder was made when?
1828
Who introduced chocolate
Daniel Peter of switzerland in 1875
Who invented the process called cinching?
Rodolphe Lindt in 1879
Who leads the world in chocolate tree cultivation?
Africa
Who is the major producer of chocolate?
The USA
Who consumes the most chocolate?
The swiss
Dark chocolate is rich in what?
Antioxidants
Criollo beans are used for what?
The finest quality of chocolates.
White chocolate
Contains no chocolate liquor it is mostly cocoa butter, vanilla, and milk.
Chocolate has less caffeine than what?
coffee, tea and cola.
Cola
A variety of soft drinks made from the Kola nut.
Cola nitida
Native to the forests of West Africa. cola nuts have a bitter flavor and contain more caffeine then coffee.
What stimulant is present in the Cola nnut?
A cardiac stimulant kolani and a trace of theobromine.
Who was the firs tot use the kola nut in a beverage?
The USA.
Coca-cola
First to use the kola nuts and cola leaves in 1886.
Mate
A social beverage made from Aquifoliaceae a small tree native to South America. tastes like herbal tea.
Asi
made by native american indians from yaupon holly.
What is one of the main ingredients in making rum?
Molasses
Theophylline
from tea leaves
Kolanin
Cola seeds
Caffeine is
A stimulant, alkaloid found in seeds or leaves.
Sterculiaceae is the family of which of the following?
cola
theobroma
thea
