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Ethnobotany > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fruit occurs in mostly what type of plants

A

angiosperms

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2
Q

what is pericarp?

A

The ovary wall that becomes the fruit wall.

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3
Q

What is parthenocarpic?

A

Fruit that is formed from an unfertilized but mature ovary.

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4
Q

Name two examples of a parthenocarpic

A

banana

pineapple

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5
Q

What is an accessory flower?

A

fertilized or not with the presence of flower parts.

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6
Q

What are the three types of fruit possibilities

A

It is a fertilized, unfertilized and either/or has flower parts.

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7
Q

What are the three parts of seed structures?

A

exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp

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8
Q

What are the two categories of fruits based on the pericarp?

A

Fleshy fruits

Dry fruits

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of fruits that are derived from a single flower with one ovary resulting in one fruit?

A
  1. berry
  2. drupe
  3. pome
  4. pepo
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10
Q

Berry developed from what type of ovary?

A

either superior or inferior.

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11
Q

what are some examples of the fruit type berry?

A

Guava, kiwi, cranberry, tomato, blueberry.

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12
Q

describe the fruit berry based on the layers:

A

The exocarp is thin, both the mesocarp and endocarp are fused and fleshy. seeds are numbers.

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13
Q

Describe the fruit plant drupe based on the fleshy layers:

A

Has a pit on the inside. Exocarp is relatively thin, and the mesocarp is either fleshy or fibrous. The endocarp is stony and encloses a single seed.

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14
Q

Examples of the fleshy fruit Drupe:

A

Cherry, Olive, Coconut, Peach and mango

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15
Q

Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit pome:

A

The receptacle that surrounds the ovary also becomes part of the fruit. the exocarp is thin, the mesocarp is fleshy, and the endo carp is thin.

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16
Q

Examples of the fleshy fruit pepo is:

A

squashes, melons; watermelon, pumpkin etc

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17
Q

Examples of the fleshy fruit pome is:

A

apple,pear, quince, etc.

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18
Q

Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit pepo:

A

The receptacle that surrounds the ovary also becomes part of the fruit, making it an accessory fruit.
The exocarp is thick and forms a hard rhind, the mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy and the seeds are numerous.

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19
Q

Most common ovary position for the berry

A

both.

superior or inferior

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20
Q

most common ovary position for the drupe

A

both.

superior or inferior

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21
Q

most common ovary position for the pome

A

semi-inferior

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22
Q

most common ovary position for the pepo

A

inferior

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23
Q

most common ovary position for the hesperidium

A

superior

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24
Q

What is the fruit type for a single flower with many ovaries

A

aggregate fruit

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25
Q

What flower type is is derived from many flowers in an inflorescence?

A

multiple fruits

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26
Q

Define a fleshy fruit

A

The entire pericarp or any one or more of the three layers remain fleshy, resulting in a fleshy fruit.

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27
Q

Define a dry fruit

A

The entire paricarp is dry at the time of maturity.

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28
Q

Describe the fleshy layers of the fleshy fruit hesperidium:

A

The exocarp is leathery, the mesocarp is spongy (usually white) and the endocarp is thin, with juice filled hairs.

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29
Q

Give an example of a hesperidium:

A

Oranges, grapefruits, any citrus type fruit.

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30
Q

What is an aggregate fruit?

A

A conglomeration of several individual units made of berries, dupes, or achenes that make up one single fruit.

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31
Q

What type of ovaries are most aggregate fruits from?

A

Superior ovaries.

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32
Q

What is multiple fruit?

A

a single fruit but formed as a result of the union of the mature ovaries, the surrounding flower parts, the receptacle, and the and the central axis of the inflorescence.

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33
Q

What type of ovaries are most multiple fruits from?

A

The position of the ovary is not critical. both are present (~equally)

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34
Q

What are are the two types of dry fruit?

A
  1. Dry, dehiscent fruit

2. Dry,indehiscent fruit

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35
Q

What are dry, dehiscent fruits?

A

fruits in which the pericarp will split open to release the seeds for dispersal.

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36
Q

What are some types of dry dehiscent fruits?

A
  1. legume
  2. follicle
  3. capsule
  4. silique
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37
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a legume?

A

At maturity, the fruits split open in two sutures, dorsal and ventral.

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38
Q

What is are examples of a legume dry, dehiscent fruit?

A

beans, peas and peanuts.

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39
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a follicle?

A

At maturity, the fruits split along one suture.

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40
Q

What is an example of a follicle dry, dehiscent fruit?

A

milkweed

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41
Q

What is an example of a capsule dry, dehiscent fruit?

A

okra, poppy, vanilla

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42
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a capsule?

A

At maturity the fruit splits open in more than two sutures.

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43
Q

What is the most abundant dry, dehiscent fruit?

A

capsule.

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44
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a silique?

A

At maturity, it splits open in two sutures, except that the seeds attach in a partition called replum.

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45
Q

What is an example of a silique dry, dehiscent fruit?

A

most members of mustard family.

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46
Q

What are some types of dry indehiscent fruits?

A
  1. achene
  2. caryopsis or grain
  3. nut
  4. samara
  5. schizocarp
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47
Q

What are dry, indehiscent fruits?

A

The pericarp will not split open but moves along with seeds during dispersal.

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48
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a achene?

A

A single-seeded fruit with a dry, loose pericarp.

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49
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a caryopsis or grain?

A

A single-seeded fruit with the pericarp firmly fused with the seed coat.

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50
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a nut?

A

A single-seeded fruit with the entire pericarp forming a hard, stony loose layer surrounding the seed.

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51
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a samara?

A

a modified achene, pericarp developed into a wing.

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52
Q

What is the characteristic(s) of a schizocarp?

A

composed of two units, each with its own single seed called a mericarp, which separate easily from each other in the middle.

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53
Q

What are the four subfamilies of the roasaceae family?

A
  1. maloideae
  2. amygdaloideae
  3. rosoideae
  4. spiraeoideae
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54
Q

What does the family maloideae include?

A

pome fruits like apple and pear.

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55
Q

What does the family amygdaloideae include?

A

stone fruits like peaches and cherries

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56
Q

What does the family rosoideae include?

A

aggregate fruits like strawberry and rose hip

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57
Q

What does the family spiraeoideae include?

A

fruits that are dry and inedible like bridal wreath.

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58
Q

Apple name

A

Malus pumila

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59
Q

pear name

A

Pyrus communis

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60
Q

Quince name

A

Cydonia oblonga

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61
Q

peach name

A

Prunus persica

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62
Q

Plum name

A

Prunus domestica

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63
Q

Apricot name

A

Prunus armeniaca

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64
Q

sweet cherry name

A

Prunus avium

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65
Q

sour cherry name

A

Prunus cerasus

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66
Q

What are some exceptions that fall into one or more of the fruit categories? (shared in class)

A

pomegranate
kiwi
avacado
banana

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67
Q

The gritty texture of a pear is due (in part) to what?

A

Stone cells

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68
Q

what fruit is often mistaken for pears except they have sweeter aromatic flesh?

A

Quinces

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69
Q

Stone fruits are in which subfamily?

A

amygdaloideae

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70
Q

What is a stone fruit

A

A fruit that has a hard endocarp (stone) enclosing a single seed called a “pit” exist in all members of this subfamily.

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71
Q

What are some examples of fruit within the stone fruit?

A 
peaches
nectarines
apricots
plums 
cherries
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72
Q

what is the third most important fruit crop in the United States?

A

Peaches

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73
Q

What is an example of multiple fruit?

A

pineapple.

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74
Q

Give examples of aggregate fruit

A

strawberry

blackberry

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75
Q

what is another word for grain?

A

caryopsis

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76
Q

tomato name

A

soanum lycopersicum

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77
Q

What does the cucurbit family consist of?

A 
zucchini
cucumber
bottle gourd
chayote
squash
luffa
bitter melon
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78
Q

What vegetable is used in south america (peru) as a cup for chicha?

A

Bottle gourd

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79
Q

What layer of skin is used for the cup that issued to drink chicha?

A

exocarp

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80
Q

What type of fruit(s) have a white spongey mesocarp?

A

citrus fruits

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81
Q

cucumbers belong to the same genus as what?

A

cantelope

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82
Q

What summer squash if not picked in time gets a thick and hard skin?

A

zucchini

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83
Q

what are some types of berries?

A

pepper
eggplant
tomatillo

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84
Q

What part of the coconut do we eat?

A

endosperm

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85
Q

Fermented beverages called toddy or arak are made from what?

A

Coconuts

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86
Q

Give an example of some nuts from the endocarp of a drupe:

A

Almonds

pistachios

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87
Q

What are some drupaceous nuts?

A

Walnuts

pecans

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88
Q

What are some real nuts?

A

macadamia
cashew
hazelnut
Chestnuts

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89
Q

Where are macadamia nuts originally from?

A

Australia

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90
Q

What is kaju?

A

An important dish in india made with cashews in it.

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91
Q

What is another name for hazelnut?

A

filbert

cob nut

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92
Q

Whats another name for okra?

A

“ladys finger”

malvaceae

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93
Q

What are the two names in which okra is used in indian cooking

A

bhindi

vendi

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94
Q

What did aztec indians call the the avocado tree?

A

testicle tree

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95
Q

What is the avocado “capital” in the world?

A

California

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96
Q

Which fruit has up to 30% oil in the fleshy part, which is a mono saturated fat and helps promote heart health?

A

Avocado

olives also have the same amount of oil.

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97
Q

Where is the oil from an olive found?

A

mesocarp

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98
Q

What is oleuropein?

A

A compound in an olive that causes it to have a bitter taste.

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99
Q

What is lycopene and where is it found?

A

Lycopene is an antioxidant, carotinoid and found in tomatoes.

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100
Q

who are the two men mentioned in class that were mentioned to have to do with tomatoes?

A
  1. colonel robert johnson

2. john nix

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101
Q

What is the “king of all fruits”

A

Durian

102
Q

What fruit is also known as the “Seed of the sun”?

A

Apricots

103
Q

Kiwis have a protein degrading enzyme, used in meat tenderizers called?

A

actinidin

104
Q

Which fruit is a pseudo-berry that is formed from an inferior ovary?

A

Banana

105
Q

What awesome super fruits?

A

pomegranates
guava
blueberries
cranberries

106
Q

Why is blackberry an aggregate fruit instead of a multiple fruit?

A

because blackberries are from a single flower with many separate ovaries resulting in one fruit, not multiple flowers.

107
Q

What fruits do we only eat the aril?

A

pomegranate

passion fruit

108
Q

Botanically speaking, the strawberry is a(n)

A

aggregate fruit of many achenes.

109
Q

Which south american fruit remained ill-famed in europe and united states for a long time in history

A

tomato

110
Q

A true nut that also gives us an accessory fruit is?

A

cashew

111
Q

Guava is what kind of fruit?

A

Berry

112
Q

Mango is what kind of fruit?

A

Drupe

113
Q

In hunza, a kingdom in the himalayas, what fruit is an important part of the diet?

A

apriocot

114
Q

Amygdalin is present in the pits of which fruits?

A

Almond
peach
cherry

115
Q

Acyanide precurser compound exists in all stone fruits of the rose family

A

true

116
Q

Citrus fruits are an important part of the American diet because their native origin is north America

A

false

117
Q

People believed that walnuts had the ability to ward off spirits

A

true

118
Q

Chayote is a single seeded squash

A

true

119
Q

Guava fruits have more vitamin C than citrus does

A

true

120
Q

The avocado is rich is saturated fatty acids making it a good choice for a healthy diet

A

False

121
Q

Wild figs undergo a unique pollination mechanism

A

true

122
Q

Purple color and larger size distinguish kalamato olives that are popular in the unites states

A

true

123
Q

Brazil nuts are the endocarp of a capsule

A

false

124
Q

Most north american chestnuts are from the species native to North America

A

false

125
Q

What are legumes?

A

dry dehiscent fruit pods of a dicotyledon family, fabaceae

126
Q

What are the subfamilies of fabaceae?

A

Faboideae
caesalpinioideae
mimosoideae

127
Q

Faboideae includes:

A

herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees.

128
Q

What is the faboideae’s distinguishing feature(s)?

A

The composition of the leaves in pinnate or trifoliate fashion and flowers that are butterfly shaped and zygomorphic.

129
Q

What are lentils?

A

pulses derived from several varieties of a legume plant, Lens culinaris, native to the near east.

130
Q

Describe the lentil seeds:

A

seeds are usually sold as lens-shaped individual pieces, each one is a cotyledon.

131
Q

What is the name of an indian dish that is made with lentils?

A

Dhal

132
Q

Peanut is also known as what?

A

ground nut

goober

133
Q

Where is the peanut native to?

A

peru

134
Q

What is the major grower of the peanut?

A

China

135
Q

What is a peanut gynophore?

A

An ovary stalk that elongates after fertilization and grows towards the ground

136
Q

What are the two common types of peanuts?

A

spanish type and virginia type

137
Q

What is the difference between the virginia type peanut and the spanish type?

A

the spanish peanut has only two spots for the seeds in the peanut and has higher oil.
The virginia type has larger seeds and less oil

138
Q

What did george washington carver do?

A

he gave many reasons why and how to use peanuts

139
Q

What is a soybean?

A

A twining or prostate plant

140
Q

What is soybean known as?

A

“cinderella crop”

“cow without bones”

141
Q

Which country is the number one supplier of the soybean?

A

The USA

142
Q

TVP comes from what plant?

A

Soybeans

143
Q

What is Trypsin?

A

An enzyme that interferes with the digestion of other proteins.

144
Q

What is a tamarind?

A

A tall, spreading tree with long, brown pods that hang in clusters.

145
Q

What is the origin of the tamarind?

A

India

146
Q

How is this legume different from the others?

A

It has a fleshy, brown, tart, and sometimes sweet sticky pulp surrounding the seeds.

147
Q

What is a Carob?

A

much like the tamarind

148
Q

What is the origin of the Carob?

A

The mediterranean

149
Q

What is also unique about this legume?

A

The mesocarp is sweet and can be eaten raw.

150
Q

What term of measurement came from the seeds of the Carob?

A

“carat”

151
Q

What is the king of forge legumes?

A

Alfalfa

152
Q

The “bran” of grains consists of what?

A

seed coat and fruit wall.

153
Q

A “culm” I’m what?

A

Hallow internodes of a monocot

154
Q

When you are eating white bread made from refined flour, what part of the grain are you mostly eating?

A

endosperm

155
Q

“corn silk” is what part of the corn plant?

A

Style part of female flowers

156
Q

Beriberi, a nerve inflammation, is common among people who eat mostly —– as a staple food without the addition of other nutrients in their diet.

A

white rice

157
Q

Peanuts are from where?

A

South America

158
Q

Sorghum is from where?

A

Africa

159
Q

This city/state boasts its production of peanuts that it has a peanut statue.

A

Durant, Oklahoma

160
Q

Why did a St. Louis physician (first) prepare “peanut butter”?

A

For patients who had difficulty chewing regular food.

161
Q

What genus is kidney bean and string beans in?

A

Phaseolus

162
Q

Fabaceae is a large family further subdivide based on the fruit type.

A

FALSE

Based on the flower type

163
Q

Wheat is food for billions.

A

FALSE

Rice is the food for billions

164
Q

“Paddy” may refer to rice raised in wetlands with standing water.

A

TRUE

165
Q

The activity of removing the grains from the bracts is lodging.

A

FALSE

166
Q

“wild rice” belongs to the same genus as the long grain rice.

A

FALSE

167
Q

Triticale is the hybrid between wheat and rye.

A

TRUE

168
Q

Dhal is an Indian name that refers to the dry seed of a legume.

A

TRUE

169
Q

Golden rice is a genetically modified rice

A

TRUE

170
Q

Oats were secondary crops meaning they were second in nutrition compared to wheat.

A

FALSE

171
Q

Sugarcane plants use sett for vegetative propagation.

A

True

172
Q

What is the second most popular beverage?

A

tea

173
Q

What is the name of the tea shrub?

A

Camellia sinensis

174
Q

What is the family that tea is in?

A

Theaceae

175
Q

Where is tea native to?

A

The foothills of the himalayas

176
Q

Who were the two people responsible for the start of tea spreading?

A

the dutch and mainly the british

177
Q

Tea was richly spread around by the 17th century in which country?

A

England

178
Q

Describe white tea:

A

The mildest of teas.
The tip of certain cultivars dried fast to retain their silvery white color. Has less caffeine but more nutrients because of minimal processing.

179
Q

Describe black tea:

A

Leaves are oxidized and yield a dark beverage with a stronger flavor and more caffeine .
Withering process and firing process occurs.
leaves go through a fermentation process

180
Q

Describe Green tea:

A

undergo a minimal oxidation process and yield a green beverage.
green tea leaves are not fermented like the black tea leaves.

181
Q

Describe Oolong tea:

A

prepared from a semi oxidized (semi-fermented) greenish brown leaves.
requires great skill.

182
Q

What doe oolong mean?

A

Black dragon

183
Q

What is brassica tea?

A

SGS was added.

this tea is to combine the beneficial effects of broccoli and tea.

184
Q

Iced tea

A

Richard Blechynden first introduced it to the American public at a St. Louis world fair in 1904.

185
Q

What happened in the 1650”s?

A

Tea was introduced to the new world.

186
Q

What are tea bags made of?

A

Most are plant based, usually from banana fibers called cabaca fibers

187
Q

What became more popular in the 1940”s?

A

Instant coffee

188
Q

India is the largest tea producing country in the world.

A

TRUE

189
Q

What is the “champagne of tea”?

A

Darjeeling

190
Q

Tea contains about how much caffeine compared to coffee

A

about 1/2

191
Q

How many cups of tea a day should one have for optimum health benefits?

A

4

192
Q

Coffee is native to which country?

A

Ethiopa

193
Q

Who first discovered coffee?

A

Goathearders

194
Q

What is a pea berry?

A

A single seeded coffee bean.

195
Q

Which coffee has the highest caffeine content?

A

Coffea arabica

196
Q

What are “penny Universities”?

A

Coffee houses

197
Q

What is wet processing?

A

method that yields superior or mild coffee.

198
Q

What is dry processing?

A

Method that yields natural or hard coffee

199
Q

ICO stands for what?

A

International Coffee Organization

200
Q

What determines the fine aroma and flavor of coffee?

A

The roasting method

201
Q

What is decaffeination?

A

It is the process of removing the alkaloid caffeine from the unroasted coffee beans.

202
Q

What is an espresso?

A

concentrated form of coffee consumed plain or as an ingredient in cappuccinos, lattes, etc.

203
Q

What is an Americano?

A

Espresso poured into hot water

204
Q

What is a cappuccino?

A

The combination of equal parts (1/3) of espresso, steamed milk and milk froth.

205
Q

What is a latte?

A

An espresso mixed with plenty of milk.

206
Q

What is a mocha latte?

A

An espresso mixed with hot cocoa

207
Q

Who was the first to brew coffee?

A

The Arabs.

208
Q

Who declared coffee to be a christian beverage in the 17th century?

A

Pope Clement VIII

209
Q

Who were the first to cultivate coffee commercially in Asia?

A

Dutch

210
Q

Who leads the world in the production of coffee?

A

Brazil

211
Q

Who is the leading importer in the world?

A

The USA

212
Q

What was the first “instant coffee” like?

A

Paste

213
Q

Which coffee taste “the best”

A

High mountain coffee

214
Q

What was probably the first drink made from coffee?

A

A fermented alcoholic drink

215
Q

What are chocolate “beans”

A

the seeds from the cacao tree

216
Q

How was coffee first used?

A

As a beverage

217
Q

Describe the beverage Asi

A

From the family Aquifoliaceae, the parts used to make this drink is the leaves and native to SE USA.

218
Q

Describe the beverage Chicory

A

From the Asteraceae family, made from the roots and native to SE Europe.

219
Q

Describe the beverage Chocolate

A

From the Sterculiaceae family, the seeds are used and it is native to South America.

220
Q

Describe the beverage Coffee

A

From the Rubiaceae family, seeds are used and native to Ethiopia.

221
Q

Describe the beverage Cola

A

From the family Sterculiaceae, the seeds are used and native in Africa

222
Q

Describe the beverage Guarana

A

From the family Sapindaceae, The seeds are used, From South America

223
Q

Describe the beverage Guayusa

A

From the Aquifoliaceae family, leaves are used, native to South America

224
Q

Describe the beverage Mate

A

From the Aquifoliaceae family, leaves are used, native to South America

225
Q

Describe the beverage tea

A

From the Theaceae family, The tip leaves are used, native to China, india, tibet, myanmar

226
Q

The Aztecs believed what was the food of Gods?

A

Cacao

227
Q

The indians of Mexico made this beverage for the priests and nobelmen

A

Chocolatl

228
Q

Who opened the first chocolate factory?

A

The spanish

229
Q

What is Chocolate liquor?

A

A dark brown oily paste, made from crushed nibs.

230
Q

When chocolate liquor solidifies it becomes what?

A

Baking Chocolate

231
Q

Cocoa powder was made when?

A

1828

232
Q

Who introduced chocolate

A

Daniel Peter of switzerland in 1875

233
Q

Who invented the process called cinching?

A

Rodolphe Lindt in 1879

234
Q

Who leads the world in chocolate tree cultivation?

A

Africa

235
Q

Who is the major producer of chocolate?

A

The USA

236
Q

Who consumes the most chocolate?

A

The swiss

237
Q

Dark chocolate is rich in what?

A

Antioxidants

238
Q

Criollo beans are used for what?

A

The finest quality of chocolates.

239
Q

White chocolate

A

Contains no chocolate liquor it is mostly cocoa butter, vanilla, and milk.

240
Q

Chocolate has less caffeine than what?

A

coffee, tea and cola.

241
Q

Cola

A

A variety of soft drinks made from the Kola nut.

242
Q

Cola nitida

A

Native to the forests of West Africa. cola nuts have a bitter flavor and contain more caffeine then coffee.

243
Q

What stimulant is present in the Cola nnut?

A

A cardiac stimulant kolani and a trace of theobromine.

244
Q

Who was the firs tot use the kola nut in a beverage?

A

The USA.

245
Q

Coca-cola

A

First to use the kola nuts and cola leaves in 1886.

246
Q

Mate

A

A social beverage made from Aquifoliaceae a small tree native to South America. tastes like herbal tea.

247
Q

Asi

A

made by native american indians from yaupon holly.

248
Q

What is one of the main ingredients in making rum?

A

Molasses

249
Q

Theophylline

A

from tea leaves

250
Q

Kolanin

A

Cola seeds

251
Q

Caffeine is

A

A stimulant, alkaloid found in seeds or leaves.

252
Q

Sterculiaceae is the family of which of the following?

A

cola
theobroma
thea

Ethnobotany (3 decks)

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