Test 3 Flashcards
Industrial Revolution
1750 onward
Cumulative: keeps building on itself, self-sustaining: previously failed, endures: Lives on today
England was Europe’s first industrialized society
Industrial employment grew slowly
Why England (Industrial Revolution)?
Asia produced many things Europe wanted, but Europe didn’t produce anything Asia
England shipped a lot of silver to Asia
Other countries contributed to industrialization
England had largest single market in Europe
England had a uniquely developed canal system which allowed them to carry heavy things cheaply and easily
Key processes of the Industrial Revolution
Substitution of mechanical devices for human skill - machines produce more
Steam power versus power from people/horse/dog/etc
Use of new found materials especially minerals for animal and vegetable preservation
Coal and steam power in England
Coal power gave England the power advantage
Coal was hard to mine– lots of water
Steam engine allowed England to dig deeper in mine and pump water out
By 1830, Britain produced 80% of coal and almost all steam engines
Steam engine could be placed on a machine to make it move faster
Cotton
India produce most of the worlds cotton
Britain conquered India and shutdown exports
Cotton gin– separate seeds from fibers
Step-by-step improvements made to cotton spinning
Richard Arkwright
1769 – water frame
Used water power to spin many threads at once
British cotton exports grew 800%
1771 established mill
Second Industrial Revolution
Interchangeable parts
Talleyrand
Aristocrat of the French Revolution
Took oath of the Civil Constitution of the clergy
Bishop of the Catholic Church
Influential in post-Napoleonic era
Could not believe monarchy could fully return
Wanted old order, but was difficult
1815 to 1848
Era of turning back the clock
Europe is now ruled entirely by Kings again
European leaders saw they must make peace amongst themselves
Knew they couldn’t go to war again
European wide war would open-door to revolution
Congress of Vienna
1814 to 1815
Peace conference that concluded the Revolutionary era
Included representatives from the big five (England, Prussia, Russia, France, Austria)
The Prince of Talleyrand represented France
The Prince of Metternich represented Austria
They made clear plans to prevent war and wanted to prevent future revolutions
They wanted to freeze government and turn back the clock to the old order
Talleyrand represented restored new monarchy in France– sacred principle of legitimacy: Only Kings should rule in Europe and only kings that are excepted by others
Metternich
Austria is very diverse – Feared Civil War, nationalism and liberalism
Nationalism: Austrian Empire would divide no longer be an empire
Liberalism: Austria is extremely liberal, Archaic and almost medieval
Russia after the French Revolution
Russia was affected the least by the French Revolution
Tough to live in Russia, especially for peasants
At least half of Russia’s peasants were serfs, Very few middle-class, a couple of wealthy aristocrats, Czar on top
Very small cities
Formula for tradition not revolution
Decembrist revolt
December 1825, Russia
Army was to take an oath to the new Czar Nicholas the first
Army refused, wanted his more liberal uncle and wanted a Constitution to limit the czar’s power
Moscow regiment wanted a constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom
Nicholas killed many of the rebels
Revolt failed, but it was the first revolt of modern Russian history with a clear political goal
Nicholas knew some reform was necessary, but change was worse than the current situation
He attempted to freeze Russia
1. All enlightenment team should be banned
2. Glorify Russian past
3. Only czar could hold everything together
19th-century liberals
Usually wealthy man who desired a voice in politics
However, conservatives hated and scared Liberals
Liberals were not radicals, Men who liked first part of the French Revolution, feared second part – terror, social policies
To the left– workers, to the right– aristocrats
Liberals wanted a middle way– prosperous middle-class were excluded from government wanted some freedoms
Liberals were persecuted by conservatives
Liberals feared the state and wanted taste of power, but excluded from it
Dreamed of beginning of French Revolution because they had a voice
Nationalism
Mostly central Europe and Italy
After Napoleon, Italy and Germany split back to their many small states
French Revolution unleashed nationalistic fervor – create a great nation great military power
Pressure on Germany and Italy to unify – Radical because it would change the shape of Europe
Often overlapped with liberalism
Revolution of 1848
Two discrete phases: February days and June days
No profound changes
Instead shows were stresses and faultlines were
Took place in Europe everywhere except Russia and England
February days
Began in France, but spread everywhere in central Europe
So profound, even Chancellor of Austria had to flee
Workers blocked movement in streets of Paris to promote change
After the revolutions, many workers’ homes were cleared to build better roads for moving troops
Odd union between middle-class employers and workers
Workers: desperation of position
Middle class men: political recognition
To some extent, February days was successful for middle-class but not for workers, however, workers are the ones who died
June days
By June, workers had enough so they rose
Want to better wages, shorter hours, etc.
Rose and numbers violently
In some places began to speak language of socialism. Not Communism– just wanted something more equal
Again has some successes
Middle-class liberals join conservatives and State
When alliance between workers and middle-class collapsed, revolutions collapsed
Middle-class put property over politics
Reactionary states won
Outcome of the revolutions of 1848
Workers learned they cannot trust the leadership of the other classes
Coming out of 1848: more radical workers, knew they must rise to pursue their interests
European workers moving to left, Some to socialism, some to communism
Elite trying to buy off revolution with small change
Reforms to prevent revolution from working-class
Charles Darwin
Third quarter of the 19th century
Wrote book called Origin of Speciez
Said organisms not created by hand of God but evolved from simpler organisms
Darwin proposed mode of operation, mechanical or technological logic of evolution
Theory that explains evolution as natural selection by accidental variation
Accidental variation
Unpredictable results from transfer of genetic information
Natural selection
Shift in environment that leads to help some species and not others
Social Darwinism
Leading figure was Herbert Spencer
Rich were allowed to think they had one social Darwinistic fight, so why help poor who had lost the fight
Justified awful things done to weaker class and justified racism
Also justified imperialism and the Holocaust
Allow elite to believe they were biologically superior
Age of imperialism
1850 to World War I
Europe conquered most of Africa, some of Japan, part of China
If you didn’t conquer– You are weak
Stemmed from social Darwinism
Hard for Germany, got to imperialism late
Germans frustrated so they turn their attention to conquest of Central Europe
France, England and US did well during this.
Reason 1: cultural pressure from social Darwinism
Reason 2: Europeans had lifestyles and tastes that required they control other parts the world
Reason 3: Unified Germany and US etc. – all industrial powers had international markets for manufactured goods sell more and maintain profits, Prices fell
Reason 4: Europeans were arrogant– make people better
Zollverein
1830’s
German economic unification
All German states acted independently economically
Removed tarrifs when moving between German states
Economic unification before political unification
German railroad building
Frankfurt Parliment
Problem 1: Where did Austria fit into unified Germany
Problem 2: what kind of government? Many small states would lose sovernty. Who would lead?
All questions hashed out in many ways too late because revolutions were over
1849 offered crown of Unified Germany to the king of Prussia - but were turned down
Dissolved - liberal moderate efforts to unify german failed
Germans had always been relatively weak/insecure
Germans believed in cultural superiority, but also had previously in-superior
Germans becoming increasingly aware of strength
Intense, driven and ambitious - need to erase weak past
Prussia in 1859
Prussians mobilized army - discovered army was weak and started to rebuild it
married traditions of discipline and order with new technology of age (move troops with railroad, communicate between armies with telegraph, much more accurate rifles)
Application of industrial revolution to military
Began to turn Germany’s industrial muscle into military muscle
