Test 3 Flashcards
Industrial Revolution
1750 onward
Cumulative: keeps building on itself, self-sustaining: previously failed, endures: Lives on today
England was Europe’s first industrialized society
Industrial employment grew slowly
Why England (Industrial Revolution)?
Asia produced many things Europe wanted, but Europe didn’t produce anything Asia
England shipped a lot of silver to Asia
Other countries contributed to industrialization
England had largest single market in Europe
England had a uniquely developed canal system which allowed them to carry heavy things cheaply and easily
Key processes of the Industrial Revolution
Substitution of mechanical devices for human skill - machines produce more
Steam power versus power from people/horse/dog/etc
Use of new found materials especially minerals for animal and vegetable preservation
Coal and steam power in England
Coal power gave England the power advantage
Coal was hard to mine– lots of water
Steam engine allowed England to dig deeper in mine and pump water out
By 1830, Britain produced 80% of coal and almost all steam engines
Steam engine could be placed on a machine to make it move faster
Cotton
India produce most of the worlds cotton
Britain conquered India and shutdown exports
Cotton gin– separate seeds from fibers
Step-by-step improvements made to cotton spinning
Richard Arkwright
1769 – water frame
Used water power to spin many threads at once
British cotton exports grew 800%
1771 established mill
Second Industrial Revolution
Interchangeable parts
Talleyrand
Aristocrat of the French Revolution
Took oath of the Civil Constitution of the clergy
Bishop of the Catholic Church
Influential in post-Napoleonic era
Could not believe monarchy could fully return
Wanted old order, but was difficult
1815 to 1848
Era of turning back the clock
Europe is now ruled entirely by Kings again
European leaders saw they must make peace amongst themselves
Knew they couldn’t go to war again
European wide war would open-door to revolution
Congress of Vienna
1814 to 1815
Peace conference that concluded the Revolutionary era
Included representatives from the big five (England, Prussia, Russia, France, Austria)
The Prince of Talleyrand represented France
The Prince of Metternich represented Austria
They made clear plans to prevent war and wanted to prevent future revolutions
They wanted to freeze government and turn back the clock to the old order
Talleyrand represented restored new monarchy in France– sacred principle of legitimacy: Only Kings should rule in Europe and only kings that are excepted by others
Metternich
Austria is very diverse – Feared Civil War, nationalism and liberalism
Nationalism: Austrian Empire would divide no longer be an empire
Liberalism: Austria is extremely liberal, Archaic and almost medieval
Russia after the French Revolution
Russia was affected the least by the French Revolution
Tough to live in Russia, especially for peasants
At least half of Russia’s peasants were serfs, Very few middle-class, a couple of wealthy aristocrats, Czar on top
Very small cities
Formula for tradition not revolution
Decembrist revolt
December 1825, Russia
Army was to take an oath to the new Czar Nicholas the first
Army refused, wanted his more liberal uncle and wanted a Constitution to limit the czar’s power
Moscow regiment wanted a constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom
Nicholas killed many of the rebels
Revolt failed, but it was the first revolt of modern Russian history with a clear political goal
Nicholas knew some reform was necessary, but change was worse than the current situation
He attempted to freeze Russia
1. All enlightenment team should be banned
2. Glorify Russian past
3. Only czar could hold everything together
19th-century liberals
Usually wealthy man who desired a voice in politics
However, conservatives hated and scared Liberals
Liberals were not radicals, Men who liked first part of the French Revolution, feared second part – terror, social policies
To the left– workers, to the right– aristocrats
Liberals wanted a middle way– prosperous middle-class were excluded from government wanted some freedoms
Liberals were persecuted by conservatives
Liberals feared the state and wanted taste of power, but excluded from it
Dreamed of beginning of French Revolution because they had a voice
Nationalism
Mostly central Europe and Italy
After Napoleon, Italy and Germany split back to their many small states
French Revolution unleashed nationalistic fervor – create a great nation great military power
Pressure on Germany and Italy to unify – Radical because it would change the shape of Europe
Often overlapped with liberalism
Revolution of 1848
Two discrete phases: February days and June days
No profound changes
Instead shows were stresses and faultlines were
Took place in Europe everywhere except Russia and England
February days
Began in France, but spread everywhere in central Europe
So profound, even Chancellor of Austria had to flee
Workers blocked movement in streets of Paris to promote change
After the revolutions, many workers’ homes were cleared to build better roads for moving troops
Odd union between middle-class employers and workers
Workers: desperation of position
Middle class men: political recognition
To some extent, February days was successful for middle-class but not for workers, however, workers are the ones who died
June days
By June, workers had enough so they rose
Want to better wages, shorter hours, etc.
Rose and numbers violently
In some places began to speak language of socialism. Not Communism– just wanted something more equal
Again has some successes
Middle-class liberals join conservatives and State
When alliance between workers and middle-class collapsed, revolutions collapsed
Middle-class put property over politics
Reactionary states won
Outcome of the revolutions of 1848
Workers learned they cannot trust the leadership of the other classes
Coming out of 1848: more radical workers, knew they must rise to pursue their interests
European workers moving to left, Some to socialism, some to communism
Elite trying to buy off revolution with small change
Reforms to prevent revolution from working-class
Charles Darwin
Third quarter of the 19th century
Wrote book called Origin of Speciez
Said organisms not created by hand of God but evolved from simpler organisms
Darwin proposed mode of operation, mechanical or technological logic of evolution
Theory that explains evolution as natural selection by accidental variation
Accidental variation
Unpredictable results from transfer of genetic information
Natural selection
Shift in environment that leads to help some species and not others
Social Darwinism
Leading figure was Herbert Spencer
Rich were allowed to think they had one social Darwinistic fight, so why help poor who had lost the fight
Justified awful things done to weaker class and justified racism
Also justified imperialism and the Holocaust
Allow elite to believe they were biologically superior
Age of imperialism
1850 to World War I
Europe conquered most of Africa, some of Japan, part of China
If you didn’t conquer– You are weak
Stemmed from social Darwinism
Hard for Germany, got to imperialism late
Germans frustrated so they turn their attention to conquest of Central Europe
France, England and US did well during this.
Reason 1: cultural pressure from social Darwinism
Reason 2: Europeans had lifestyles and tastes that required they control other parts the world
Reason 3: Unified Germany and US etc. – all industrial powers had international markets for manufactured goods sell more and maintain profits, Prices fell
Reason 4: Europeans were arrogant– make people better
Zollverein
1830’s
German economic unification
All German states acted independently economically
Removed tarrifs when moving between German states
Economic unification before political unification
German railroad building
Frankfurt Parliment
Problem 1: Where did Austria fit into unified Germany
Problem 2: what kind of government? Many small states would lose sovernty. Who would lead?
All questions hashed out in many ways too late because revolutions were over
1849 offered crown of Unified Germany to the king of Prussia - but were turned down
Dissolved - liberal moderate efforts to unify german failed
Germans had always been relatively weak/insecure
Germans believed in cultural superiority, but also had previously in-superior
Germans becoming increasingly aware of strength
Intense, driven and ambitious - need to erase weak past
Prussia in 1859
Prussians mobilized army - discovered army was weak and started to rebuild it
married traditions of discipline and order with new technology of age (move troops with railroad, communicate between armies with telegraph, much more accurate rifles)
Application of industrial revolution to military
Began to turn Germany’s industrial muscle into military muscle
Otto von Bismark
Appointed PM of Prussia
Instrument of which Prussia began unifying Germany
Bismark spoke with iron and blood not politics
7 weeks war
1866 - Prussia vs Austria
Two great German speaking states
People did not understand how powerful Bismark’s army had become - army vastly superior
Prussians secured complete victory in 2 weeks
Sadowa - turning point battle - world could see there was a new kind of army
Bismark chose to keep Austria our of German affairs
Prussia growing very quickly, many small states voluntarily being absorbed by Prussia
Franco-Prussian war
1870
Bismark provoked war with France
Everyone thought France would crush Prussia
But once again, the Prussia army was underestimated
France was crushed in a matter of months
Shows world Germany had become dominant military power - German huge and dominant
Outcome of Franco-Prussian war
Bismark humiliated France
France required to give up 2 parts of France rich in natural resources and left France with out defensible border
France had to pay 5 billion Francs to Germany and support German Army until paid
William 1st - king of Prussia, named German Emperor - ruled from Versailles
French ached for revenge
Hopes for WW1
Was was liberation from unbearable situations for some nations
Austrians and Russians believed war might be useful to resurrect old regimes
Britain hoped war would bring classes together
Italy hoped war would make unified Italy more whole
Germany wanted to conquer the world for survival and to be dominant
Entente Cordiale
Friendly Agreement
1904 - Treaty between French and English
1907 - France convinced England to ally with Russia
Ended competition for colonial conquest
German enemies in 1907
England -> Navy
Russia -> Vast Resources
France -> Desire for revenge on Germany
German allies in 1907
Austria -> weak, looked like it needed more help than could give
Old Turkish Empire -> old and archaic
Had allies, but felt alone
Two Front War
Germanys greatest fear was fighting the Russians to the East while fighting the French and the English to the west
June 28, 1914
Serbian Nationalist assassinated Hapsburg heir
Austrians furious, but can’t attack because Serbia is allied with Russia
July 28, Germans let Austria start war against Serbia
Germany, Austria, and Russia mobilized their armies
Germany wanted Austria to slow Russian advance so they could repeat the Franco-Prussian war the the West, destroy France, then deal with Russia to prevent a lengthy two front war
August 1, 1914
Germany declared war on Russia
Two days later Germany invaded France
British then declared war on Germany
Russia/Britain/France vs. Germany/Austria
Battle of the Marne
Germans came close to Paris, but were stopped at the Marne River
Germans were stopped, but France lost some important land
Battle prevented Germans from securing one front war
Armies on both sides stopped progressing and dug in - started living in trenches
Trench warefare
Tens of thousands living in trenches
In front of trenches was barbed wire
In-between was no-man’s land designated by constant shelling
Defense: grenades, machine guns, and poison gas
Poison gas - horribly devastating, but horribly inefficient, 10,000’s died or were blinded
Miserable, little gained, little lost except horrible number of casulties
Verdun
February 1916, Germans attacked French Verdun
End of campaign in June, Germans had very little new ground, but had lost 300,000 (Similar French losses)
French held of Germans
Measure of shear carnage of WW1
600,000 casualties
no glory
no territory gain
Spring offensive 1917
English/French attacked Germans
severe mutiny, hundreds court-marshaled
Government had to promise no more offensives like that
Passchendaele (Battle of Flanders Field)
British offensive in Belgium against Germany Mud made advancing men easy targets British lost 240,000 Example of waste of WW1 Grim and worthless like much of war
New German plan
Failure of Verdun convinced Germans they could win a 1 front war by knocking our Russia first
Russia suffering horribly on battlefield
1917 New Communist Government signed treaty with Germans effectively ending Russian participation in the war
Spring: Germans now have 1 front war with French
US entrance into the war
Germany did not have much of a navy, so French and Britain were easily able to blockade the Germans
Germany developed weapon against British naval blockade (U-Boat/Submarine)
Began attacking British shipments
Early 1917, attacked the Lusitania (passenger carrier)
Many Americans died, which encouraged America to enter the war
America declared war on Germany in April 1917
Provided Britain with food, war materials and troops
Hurt German morale
Second Battle of the Marne
Germany decided they should act before America acted
Launched offensive in Spring 1918 and pushed toward Paris
Got close, but were stopped at the Marne river again
End of the war
Germans were running our of supplies and allied tanks began to gain ground and pushed Germans back
German King resigned
Autumn 1918 military leader ended the war
November 11, 1918 Germans sued for peace
Foreign troops never made it to Germany - surrender before battle made it to German soil
Hitler saw an illegitimate surrender at cost of German pride
Pogroms
Anti-Semitic riots (anti Jewish) in Russia
Alexander 2nd ended serfdom, but serfs weren’t much better off and were angry at government
Some government leaders started Pogroms in 1880’s to deflect anger of peasants from government to Jews
Alexander Herzen
Wanted reform in Russia, but lived in London
Wanted revolution to be started by peasants, told people to educate the people to radicalize them
Most peasants called secret police on reformers rather than joining them because they were afraid of the government
Attempt at reform failed
Nihilism
Idea of Desperation
From character in a play who argues nothing can be done unless everything is destroyed and started anew
Measure of pain, desperation, etc.
Not a philosophy
Nihilists assassinated Czar Alexander 2nd (1881) who had started some reforms
Menshevik
Formed minority of growing Russian Communist Party (Social Democratic Party/Marxist Party)
More conventional politically, still radicals and socialists, but willing to work with others to bring about change
Bolshevik
Majority of growing Russian Communist Party
Leader: Lenin -> Believed there could not be a simple revolution - thought revolution needed central core to support working class - Dictatorship of the Proletarian (Worker)
Took advantage of problems and pushed needs and desires of workers onto society
Need dedicated group of revolutionaries to teach peasants and workers of their values/needs/desires/purposes and have them take the government
Russia in 1910
1 in 3 peasants had no land
1 in 3 farms possessed no cattle
2 - 1 wooden plows to iron plows
mechanical tractors largely unknown
Opening of the Failed Revolution of 1905
Russian leadership knew they were in trouble
Wanted a short, victorious war to end revolutionary ideas
Fought Japan for Korea
Wanted to stimulate loyalty
However, Japanese won, partly because Russia faced too much geography
Placed strain on Russian Transportation
Bread prices soared, wages insignificant
Just price riots
Bloody Sunday
January 22 1905
Priest led 100’s of workers to Czar’s winter palace in St. Petersburg
Intended to present petition of grievances to Czar because they thought he would make it better
Instead, Czar ordered army to fire on people
Never again would people see Czar as protector
Failed Revolution of 1905
General strike in St. Petersburg (everything stopped)
Peasant revolts in country side
Manor houses raided
Loyalty to Czar collapsing
People called for constitutional monarchy
Entire Russian railroad system shut down
By October, everyone was revolting
Some workers began to fight for socialist state
Many in middle class, afraid of workers, joined Czar
Military returned from war with Japan
Revolution failed
Soviet
Russian workers were elected by other workers from a variety of industries
Job was to negotiate issues for workers
Not political bodies, negotiating tools to allow workers to get better conditions
After the Failed revolution of 1905 they began to have political influence and began to lead the revolution
Trotsky
Leader of the most influential soviet in St. Petersburg
Understood soviet could be used in moment of chaos to lead
1917 - people turned to soviets to carry out revolutionary will
became tool/instrument of communists as they seize power
Russian Revolution
Situation terrible in Russia
March 1917 strikes flared in St. Petersburg
Troops again ordered to fire on demonstrators, but instead threw rifles down
Czar knew he had lost support and stepped down
Temporary government stepped in that tried to deal with all problems at once
Lenin’s Leadership
Germany sent Lenin back to Russia
They wanted Lenin and the Bolshevik party to take control
Lenin was already popular because he stood for peace/land/bread
Lenin encouraged peasants to take land from aristocrats
Also ordered soviets to take power
Lenin liked by vast majority
Created Communist Soviet Union
Russian Revolution process of replacing failed regime
Communism came with what people wanted - offered solution to plight for vast majority
Russian Civil War
Civil War ensued after the revolution lasted until 1921 Terrible and bloody - millions perished Communists in power afterword Infant Soviet Union began in horrible position First communist state, but weak
New Communist Soviet Union
Russia was not recognized as a nation World horrified by happenings in Russia Czar and entire family was shot Made everything (including banks/money) part of government Handed factories to workers Abolished private trade Nationalized private lands Repudiated national debt Allowed peasants to keep lands Refused to permit freedom of press/expression/assembly
Cheka
Body/wing of government to prevent counter revolution and fight with terror
French revolution’s terror nothing like Russia’s terror
Terror became part of Russian communist survival
Cordon Sanitaire
Post war peace-makers: America, France, England, Italy did what they could to prevent spread of communism
constructed dam of states to prevent spread
cordon sanitaire - quarantine
States new and politically weak, but thought of as necessary to prevent spread of Bolshevism
Also helped to punish Germany (must back states to help prevent spread)
Article 231 of the treaty (Treaty of Paris)
Germany accepts responsibility of all damage even though Germany was not only agressor
German people expected better
At peace conference, German delegates isolated
Germany being humiliated
Men making peace after WW1 were setting grounds for WW2
14 Points
President Wilson’s plan for remaking Europe at the Peace Conference
1. Make appropriate balance between national and political boundaries (Poland for Poles)
Prevent wars of expansion
2. Tariffs should be lifted worldwide
Free markets everywhere would improve standard of living everywhere
3. Believed democracy should come to power everywhere - believed war born from small groups with too much aggressive power
4. League of Nations
League of Nations
Ancestor to the UN
Job to enforce 14 points
Proved impotent and unable to do anything because they only had economic power
Russia and Germany not allowed to join
US Congress initially did not agree to join
Germany’s Punishments
German given full responsibility for the war
Germany split to allow Poland access to the sea (Polish Corridor)
Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
Germany was to give up great deal of its army
Limited number of men could serve
No allowed to possess artillery, poison gas, aircraft, tanks, submarines, or officer schools
Germans required to pay $33 Billion which is several times larger than Germany’s National Income
Austrians prevented from joining Germany
Facism
Idea of action - believed that through military action all splits in society would be overcome
Came out of despair of WW1
Arose in Italy, died with Hitler
Believed if everyone was loyal, all hostilities would disappear
Hated Communism, Democracy (impedes action), Jews (Socialistic and Capitalistic), Socialism (International movement), Capitalism (harmed Germany in the past), Bankers (seen as Jews)
Gave people purpose/life/meaning
