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History 1110 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Levelers

A

Political rank - wild forms of protestantism around levelers.
Levelers believed Parliment’s resistance only legitimate if Parliment truly reflected the people.
Declared Parliment must be representative
Property and connection should not determine right to vote

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1
Q

Anointed king

A

Kings considered to have 2 bodies. One physical, and one spiritual from anointment.
King is God’s lieutenant and exercises God’s will

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2
Q

Levelers Proposals

A

Widening of right to vote: men > 21 not servants
Abolition of monarchy
Abolition of House of Lords
Abolition of Tithes
Abolition of many privileges of the Elite

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3
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

New model army leader
1649-1660 Rules puritan government
Lord Protector of Authoritarian Puritan Republic

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4
Q

Charles 2nd

A

Succeeded father in 1660
Said rule started rule in 1649 (When Charles 1 was executed)
No Direct Heir
Brother: Duke of York
English not comfortable with catholic king (Charles 2 Brother) James 2

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5
Q

Test Act

A

All English leaders forced to swear against transubstantiation
Parliament made sure James 2nd wouldn’t fill office with catholics

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6
Q

King James 2nd

A

Became king in 1685
Insisted upon appeal of test act
Dissolved parliament, violating triennial act

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7
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

Within days of birth of James 2nd’s son (male catholic heir), parliament invited william to invade England.
James fled to France
William and Mary (Protestant) invited to throne

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8
Q

Glorious Revolution outcome

A

1688-1689
Ended Question of Religion and Throne
In exchange for throne recognized Bill of Rights which limited monarchy and increased rights of people.
Guarantees rights of elite and rights of Monarchy

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9
Q

Balanced Monarchy

A

Balance between king and his elite

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10
Q

John Locke

A

1689
Relationship of king and people like contract. If king broke it, people had right to overthrow king. Glorious Revolution established permanent check on king and elite.

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11
Q

Louis 14

A

“None is Equal”
Plan: Weaken French Aristocrats
Vision: Absolute Monarchy
Plan: Versailles

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12
Q

Versailles

A

Building program to enhance Louis 14’s power
Every nobleman deferred to Louis 14
Versailles is a show – Beautiful and elegant
Versailles required noblemen’s presence to keep them from their estates

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13
Q

Just price riot

A

Put right of sustenance above rights of someone with food
Pay just price because merchant/miller/baker are threatening survival of the people
Right to survival supersedes profit

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14
Q

Newton

A

Simplicity - laws of planetary motion, calculus, etc
Much more simple now - simplified to mathematics - nature conforms to itself
Universe simple, uniform, understandable

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15
Q

Enlightenment

A

Built on shoulders of 17th century
Men of enlightenment dreamed of rational, political, economic, etc institutions on earth
Effective orderly uniform efficient and useful government like Newton’s nature
If it doesn’t suit needs of man, it should be cast out - don’t have to depend on bible
Utility - Usefulness to those who are alive - Biblical, theological, historical, etc not needed

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16
Q

John Locke

A

1660 published essay on human understanding
People born with clean slate - no innate ideas
Learn by experiencing natural world

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17
Q

Sensationalism

A

Learn from senses - Process with reason

Experiences make us who we are

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18
Q

Christian ideals vs Human Nature

A

Born evil and live in sin vs neither good or evil - we are malleable

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19
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

Laws of kings and legislature must conform with laws of nature
Purpose of laws - greatest good for greatest number
Rejected torture
Maintained law be fair, written for all to read, and invariable
If aristocrat did it - hurt society in same way as if beggar did it
Penalty should not be associated with bible
Crime is a crime because society was injured

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20
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Editer
Edited Encyclopédie
1751 First Volume
1772 Reached completion
Implicit message - this is the best way to do it
Full of jokes - using mocking laugh to challenge way things were
Everything published went through king’s censor
Kings seal was put on encyclopédie

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21
Q

Genevan System

A

French king went to swiss bankers in Geneva Because lacked proper financial institutions. The Genevan system loaned him money and drained the king of money in “interest”

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22
Q

1st cause of French Revolution

A

King’s control of finances.
French state borrowed money on bad terms
King hemmed in by privileges
Taxes went to men who bought right to handle king’s monies
King paid interest on his taxes
First note of French Revolution is king’s declaration of bankruptcy (1786)

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23
Q

2nd cause of French Revolution

A

Bad weather/Harvests
Bread price rising
hunger, malnutrition, riots (Just price Riots)
By 1789 price of bread doubled
Everything else went down in price because people weren’t buying it

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24
Q

3rd cause of the French Revolution

A

Enlightenment and cause for reform
Many (especially elite) believed enlightened reform was possible/necessary
Revolution began because part of the elite believed in the enlightenment and that better institutions were necessary
Elite seen as corrupt and scandalous
People don’t trust governors

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25
Q

4th cause of French Revolution

A

Charles Calonne - King’s first minister - had to explain to king that France was bankrupt
Solution: (1786) Proportional permanent land tax with no exception
New tax to be paid with portion of harvest by everyone (including Aristocrats/Elite/Church/Peasants)
Principle of peasants only paying taxes is abandoned - privileges called into question
King’s first minister called into question most essential principle of the government
Tax signaled weakness of king
Aristocrats horrified by new tax and wanted to take advantage of weakened king

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26
Q

Estates-General

A

Called by aristocrats and clergy
Traditionally, estates-General voted by estate (3 votes)
3rd estate not happy - always lost (2-1)
Enlightened churchman wrote pamphlet saying first 2 estates didn’t matter - 3rd estate did everything

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27
Q

National Assembly

A

1789 3rd estate withdrew from estates-general and formed the National Assembly
Representatives of 3rd estate with a few liberal aristocrats and churchmen

28
Q

Tennis court oath

A

Louis 16 not happy about the formation of the National Assembly so he surrounded Versailles with cavalry because the assembly was treasonous
Men of the National Assembly were scared so they moved to a nearby tennis court
Took oath - will not allow themselves to be dissolved until they had a constitution that makes kings power explicit and limited

29
Q

Sans-culottes

A

Men without breeches
Wore cheap trousers instead of fancy pants
Common men
Fighting force of French Revolution

30
Q

“Hungry Period”

A

1788 harvest miserable
1789 people believed National Assembly might help them
Riot after seeing kings cavalry around National Assembly
Just price riots and riots for the National Assembly

31
Q

Bastille

A

French prison fortress believed to hold enemies of the French state
Riots for National Assembly reach Bastille
Sans-culottes believed they needed to control the Bastille
Attacked with thousands - only 159 survived
“Conquers of the Bastille” destroy it

32
Q

July 14, 1789

A

King had lost loyalty of majority of population
Had o choice but to call off cavalry
Sans-culottes saved National Assembly for a time
Sans-culottes tore down Bastille and metaphorically tore down kings powers

33
Q

Great Fear

A

Fear spread by rumor and popular belief that aristocrats would take over National Assembly
Across the country, peasants torched manor houses to destroy tax records that tie peasants to aristocrats

34
Q

Night of August 4

A

Assembly can’t do anything because of great fear
Aristocrat said at a meeting that he would give up privileges and peasant taxes for the aristocracy - thought it would calm peasants down
Aristocrats and churchmen followed suit and all present gave up rights in the excitement and enthusiasm

36
Q

Declaration of rights of man and the citizen

A 
Late august 1789
Preliminary statement - rights of people
"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights"
Old regime is dead
Old privileges are dead
King brought cavalry back to versailles
37
Q

March of the Fishwives

A

Early October, 1789
Fishwives upset king was trying to shut down the assembly
marched in thousands to versailles (12 miles long)
crowded into meeting hall to ask king for bread and to save National Assembly
Next morning overthrew king’s guards
Marie Antoinette barely escaped, king was captured
Forced to wear a freedom cap
King, Marie Antoinette, and son loaded into coach and brought to paris. Coach was bombarded with rocks and rotten vegetables on way.
King was called the baker because no one liked or trusted bakers
King and National Assembly under watchful eye of people of paris - and displayed distrust of king

38
Q

Constitutional Monarchy

A

King, Legislature and constitution
Drafted by National Assembly after moving to Paris
For first time in France, sharing of power
Privileges are being broken down, but voting requirements are still so high that most sans-culotte cannot vote
Motivated by American Constitutional Convention
Enlightened men using reason to form new government with Newtonian ideals

39
Q

French Debt

A

Assembly decided to pay debt by confiscating church’s land and selling it.
Helped deal with debt, but had to spend money on church for clergy, education, upkeep of poor, and cost of religious services.
State had no choice but to make church a branch of government

40
Q

Constitution of the Clergy

A

Document that shapes French church as a wing of the French Government
pope and clergy was not consulted
November 1990, assembly imposed oath o the civil constitution of the clergy: All priests must take oath to the new government which conflicted to their previous oath to God. Had to make public their choice, and about half didn’t take oath and lost their jobs
Many peasants horrified because their beloved priest was suddenly cast aside - widespread counterrevolution

41
Q

Louis 16’s plan to take back the government

A

Louis 16 decided to flee to spanish Netherlands (Austrians). Paris is very close to the Netherlands
Wanted help from the Hapsburgs (wife Hapsburg)
Spring 1791 - Fled in 2 big slow coaches
Stopped at Varennes (Flight to Varennes)
Plans were stopped
Suffered great indignities on way back
Clear the king was treasonous

42
Q

Jacobins

A

Took floor to decide what to do about king
Liberal Political faction
Not happy with fiction that king was kidnapped
Called loudly for Republic, and said other kings of Europe would not allow a republic in France, so they should take arms preemptively against other countries in Europe
Appealed to sans-culottes

43
Q

Brissot

A

Most influential Jacobin

Also on the National Assembly

44
Q

Robespierre

A

Crying out for peace - France not ready for war - France too young, too unorganized

45
Q

Declaration of Pillnitz

A

August 1791
Austrian emperor and king of Prussia
two most influential leaders in Europe declared France unstable and invited other European kings to help take action
April 1782 France declared war on Austrian kings (not people)
Robespierre was right - within weeks France was losing

46
Q

Duke of Brunswick/Brunswick Manefesto

A

Leading army against France
Summer 1792 - said army working to crush anarchy, restore king, and anyone who opposed would be show and homes destroyed. Working to restore old regime if any harm comes to the palace, paris will be destroyed

47
Q

August 10, 1792

A

Sans-culotte rise up and suspend king from duty
Constitutional monarchy dead
No executive of government now
New government formed - called: National Convention
Infant Republic

48
Q

September massacres

A

1000-5000 died
Became clear many would need to join army before Brunswick crushed the city
Because of the fear of Brunswick, people massacred the people who might side with Brunswick
Crowds acted first - massacred those in prison

49
Q

September 20, 1792

A

Valmy:
People of paris and organized army stopped Brunswick
Fighting season reached it’s end
Battle at Valmy saved Paris and National Convention
France became full republic September 22
Louis 16 executed January 21, 1783 under recommendations from Robespierre

50
Q

Enragés

A

Street speakers

Said revolution should be more aggressive

51
Q

Vendée

A

Against revolution

Part of France

52
Q

Tom Paine

A

All that is around should be useful to living

Institutions should only be preserved if they are useful

53
Q

Edmund Burke

A

Society can only survive through maintenance of its roots-greatest of all conservative thinkers

54
Q

committee of Public Safety

A

The national convention was vulnerable because of rebellion
Elect 12 to act as collective executives
All 12 had different jobs
Maximillian Robespierre political leader on committee - most important visible figure - Robespierre is voice/gives committee vision

55
Q

Luvée en Masse

A

Military draft-all unmarried men between 18 and 26 required to serve the military, or help with household industries
Formed Gigantic Army
Made up of men who are loyal to nation and revolution
first modern citizen army
first modern war state
begin to win and pushback invaders

56
Q

French revolutions terror

A
  1. Economic terror-maximum on prices
  2. Political terror-death to those against Revolution.
  3. Cultural and political
    Robespierre: in times of tranquility-virtue is the main spring of government-this is not those times. Terror was also needed. Virtue is good, but without terror, virtue would be destroyed. Terror is nothing but prompts severe justice.
57
Q

New government

A

Man wanted to create a new world with republican virtue
Wide range of efforts to create new cultures but was short-lived and old cultures came back
Citizenship was new - no longer subjects
Fresh culture requires education-form textbook elements of Republican instruction
New calendar,new months, new street names, new everything

58
Q

Law of Suspects

A

Those suspected of being against revolution should be stripped of property
Law defeated-but 400,000 in prison as suspects
Robespierre and committee began to look like dictatorship

59
Q

Law of 22 Prairial

A

June 10, 1794
Many feared Robespierre and committee
Revolutionary Tribunal-Revolutionary court-given new powers
All of the preliminary questioning disbanded
No legal counsel summoning of witnesses
Removes normal guarantees of trial

60
Q

Thermidor

A

July 1794-those against Robespierre and colleagues were killed
Thermidor means counterrevolution
Progressive part of revolution came to end
To government must be formed

61
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

Send of the French Revolution
Received military powers at 16
Quickly rose through the ranks
By 1795 effectively the commander of military and Italian states
Could present himself as the man who could restore France
Many thought short-term military dictatorship to repair the nation
November 1799 Napoleon brought to power to save the revolution

62
Q

Brumaire

A

November in the new calendar
Military overthrow of government
Napoleon announced November 9, 1799 revolution was over
He carried out revolutions agenda
Released everyone previously penalized/jailed-ended Civil War-everyone welcome to serve as long as they were loyal-formed constitution/French national Bank-made peace with church

63
Q

Napoleon and his military achievements

A

Napoleon imagined himself like the ancient Romans
Provoked nationalism amongst Germany and Italy
Wonder and glory necessary for Napoleon to ensure strength in Europe
1802 he made peace with Great Britain
1815 he lost at Waterloo-now a constant war with Great Britain
Army loyal to revolution, France and Napoleon
Huge army had a major advantage, he could draft citizen subjects, patriotic military, well citizens and shut subjects, not forced subject army
Prints that were with English Austrians and Russians called the third coalition

64
Q

Trafalgar

A 
Off the coast of Spain
Decisive naval battle
Napoleon vulnerable at sea so England beat them
English naval technology more advanced
Ended hope of invading England
Insured English navel superiority
65
Q

Austerlitz

A

Fighting Russian-Austrian army
weakened right flank to promote Russian attack there
Then focused on destroying Russian center and destroyed other armies
Russia dropped out of war
Greatest military victory
Massive revolutionary army and great military tacticians

66
Q

Confederation of the Rhine

A

Napoleon turn to Germany
Combined German states into confederation of the Rhine in 1806 to make it easier to occupy and plunder
Turned attention to Prussia largest German state
1806 Jena-destroyed Prussians captured capital Berlin

67
Q

Continental system

A

Napoleon turned against the British-idea: Continental system
New there was lively sense of revolutionary fervor
Mandated continents Europe couldn’t trade with Britain
Cotton was taking off and Britain needed continental trade to sell cotton
Hope cutting off trade would start revolution
In the end, did not have the Navy to prevent smuggling and trade with America
Continental system failed

68
Q

Napoleon in Russia

A

1810 Napoleon turn to Russia
600,000 troops move to Russia
Russian troops fought small battles and skirmishes but none were decisive
Napoleon and his army was pulled farther and farther into Russia
Their supply lines for growing thin and stretched
Russians destroyed food sources to heard French-scorched earth
French hit with disease and hardships in Russian winter
The point helped Russia would not give up Moscow without a fight
Russian set fire to Moscow
Pauline left with small straggling unsuccessful army
Invasion of Russia destroyed invasion of Europe
Struggle to form new army

69
Q

Napoleons defeat

A

October 1814, Allied army – Germany, Austria, Russian - destroyed Napoleon’s army
March - invaded Paris
Napoleon in exile

History 1110 (3 decks)

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