Final Flashcards
1
Q
Talleyrand
A
Talleyrand was a bishop of the Catholic Church during the French Revolution and took the oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. He was influential in the post-Napoleonic era and dreamed of the old order, but knew the monarchy could not fully return
2
Q
Congress of Vienna
A
- 1814 to 1815 Peace conference that concluded the Revolutionary era Included representatives from the big five (England, Prussia, Russia, France (Talleyrand), Austria (Austria))
- They made clear plans to prevent war and wanted to prevent future revolutions
- They wanted to freeze government and turn back the clock to the old order
- Talleyrand represented restored new monarchy in France – sacred principle of legitimacy: Only Kings should rule in Europe and only kings that are accepted by others
3
Q
Metternich
A
- Austria is very diverse – Feared Civil War, nationalism and liberalism
- Nationalism: Austrian Empire would divide no longer be an empire
- Liberalism: Austria is extremely liberal, Archaic and almost medieval
4
Q
Russia after the French Revolution
A
- Russia was affected the least by the French Revolution
- Tough to live in Russia, especially for peasants
- At least half of Russia’s peasants were serfs, Very few middle-class, a couple of wealthy aristocrats, Czar on top
- Very small cities
- Formula for tradition not revolution
5
Q
Decembrist revolt
A
- December 1825, Russian Army was to take an oath to the new Czar Nicholas 1st
- The army refused, they wanted his more liberal uncle and wanted a Constitution to limit the Czar’s power
- Moscow regiment wanted a constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom
- Nicholas killed many of the rebels
- Revolt failed, but it was the first revolt of modern Russian history with a clear political goal
- Nicholas knew some reform was necessary, but change was worse than the current situation
- He attempted to freeze Russia
His Plan:
- All enlightenment team should be banned
- Glorify Russian past
- Only czar could hold everything together
6
Q
19th-century liberals
A
- Usually wealthy man who desired a voice in politics
- However, conservatives hated and scared Liberals
- Liberals were not radicals, Men who liked first part of the French Revolution, feared second part – terror, social policies
- To the left– workers, to the right– aristocrats
- Liberals wanted a middle way– prosperous middle-class were excluded from government wanted some freedoms
- Liberals were persecuted by conservatives
- Liberals feared the state and wanted taste of power, but excluded from it
- Dreamed of beginning of French Revolution because they had a voice
7
Q
Nationalism
A
- Mostly central Europe and Italy
- After Napoleon, Italy and Germany split back to their many small states
- French Revolution unleashed nationalistic fervor – create a great nation great military power
- Pressure on Germany and Italy to unify – Radical because it would change the shape of Europe
- Often overlapped with liberalism
8
Q
February days
A
- Began in France, but spread everywhere in central Europe
- Workers blocked movement in streets of Paris to promote change
- After the revolutions, many workers’ homes were cleared to build better roads for moving troops
- Odd union between middle-class employers and workers
- Workers: desperation of position
- Middle class men: political recognition
- To some extent, February days was successful for middle-class but not for workers, however, workers are the ones who died
9
Q
June days
A
- By June, workers had enough so they rose in numbers violently
- Wanted better wages, shorter hours, etc.
- In some places began to speak language of socialism, not communism, just wanted something more equal
- middle-class liberals grew afraid of workers so they joined conservatives and State
- When alliance between workers and middle-class collapsed, revolutions collapsed
- Middle-class put property over politics so the reactionary states won
10
Q
Outcome of the revolutions of 1848
A
- More radical workers, knew they must rise to pursue their interests because they cannot trust the leadership of the other classes
- European workers moving to left, some to socialism, some to communism
- Elite trying to buy off revolution with small change
- Reforms to prevent revolutions from working-class
11
Q
Charles Darwin
A
- Third quarter of the 19th century
- Wrote book called Origin of Speciez
- Said organisms were not created by hand of God, but evolved from simpler organisms
- Darwin proposed a theory that explains evolution as natural selection by accidental variation
12
Q
Accidental variation
A
Unpredictable results from transfer of genetic information
13
Q
Natural selection
A
Shift in environment that leads to help some species and not others
14
Q
Social Darwinism
A
- Leading figure was Herbert Spencer
- Rich were allowed to think they had one social Darwinistic fight, so why help the poor who had lost the fight
- Justified awful things done to weaker class as well as racism, imperialism and the Holocaust
- Allowed elite to believe they were biologically superior
15
Q
Age of imperialism
A
- 1850 to World War I
- Europe conquered most of Africa, some of Japan, part of China
- If you didn’t conquer – you are weak
- Stemmed from social Darwinism
- Hard for Germany because they got to imperialism late
- Germans frustrated so they turned their attention to the conquest of Central Europe
- France, England and US did well during this period
Reasons for Imperialism:
- Cultural pressure from social Darwinism
- Europeans had lifestyles and tastes that required they control other parts the world
- All industrial powers had international markets for manufactured goods, sell more and maintain profits, Prices fell
- Europeans were arrogant – believed they were making people better
16
Q
Zollverein
A
- German economic unification during the 1830’s
- Removed tarrifs when moving between German states
- Economic unification before political unification
- Vast German railroad building
17
Q
Frankfurt Parliment
A
- Problem 1: Where did Austria fit into unified Germany
- Problem 2: what kind of government? Many small states would lose sovernty. Who would lead?
- All questions hashed out in many ways too late because revolutions were over
- 1849 offered crown of Unified Germany to the king of Prussia - but were turned down
- Dissolved - liberal moderate efforts to unify german failed
- Germans had always been relatively weak/insecure
- Germans believed in cultural superiority, but also had previously in-superior
- Germans becoming increasingly aware of strength
- Intense, driven and ambitious - need to erase weak past
18
Q
Prussia in 1859
A
- Prussians mobilized army - discovered their army was weak so they started to rebuild it
- Married traditions of discipline and order with new technology of age (move troops with railroad, communicate between armies with telegraph, much more accurate rifles)
- Application of industrial revolution to military
- Began to turn Germany’s industrial muscle into military muscle
19
Q
Otto von Bismark
A
- Appointed PM of Prussia
- Instrument of which Prussia began unifying Germany
- Bismark spoke with iron and blood not politics
20
Q
7 weeks war
A
- 1866 - Prussia vs Austria
- Two great German speaking states
- People did not understand how powerful Bismark’s army had become
- Prussians secured complete victory in 2 weeks
- Sadowa - turning point battle - world could see there was a new kind of army
- Bismark chose to keep Austria out of German affairs
- Prussia was growing very quickly, many small states were voluntarily being absorbed by Prussia
21
Q
Franco-Prussian war
A
- 1870 - Bismark provoked war with France
- Everyone thought France would crush Prussia, but once again, the Prussian army was underestimated
- France was crushed in a matter of months
- Showed the world Germany had become a dominant military power
- Bismark humiliated France:
- France required to give up 2 parts of France (Alsase and Lorainne) rich in natural resources and left France with out defensible border
- France had to pay 5 billion Francs to Germany and support German Army until paid
- William 1st, king of Prussia/German Emperor, ruled from Versailles
- French ached for revenge
22
Q
Hopes for WW1
A
- War was liberation from unbearable situations for some nations
- Austrians and Russians believed war might be useful to resurrect old regimes
- Britain hoped war would bring classes together
- Italy hoped war would make unified Italy more whole
- Germany wanted to conquer the world for survival and to be dominant
23
Q
Entente Cordiale
A
- Friendly Agreement
- 1904 - Treaty between French and English
- 1907 - France convinced England to ally with Russia
- Ended competition for colonial conquest
24
Q
German enemies in 1907
A
- England -> Navy
- Russia -> Vast Resources
- France -> Desire for revenge on Germany
25
Q
German allies in 1907
A
- Austria -> weak, looked like it needed more help than could give
- Old Turkish Empire -> old and archaic
- Had allies, but felt alone
26
Q
Two Front War
A
Germany’s greatest fear was fighting the Russians to the East while fighting the French and the English to the west
27
Q
June 28, 1914 - Provoking WW1
A
- Serbian Nationalist assassinated the Hapsburg heir
- Austrians were furious, but couldn’t attack because Serbia was allied with Russia
- July 28, Germans let Austria start war against Serbia
- Germany, Austria, and Russia mobilized their armies
- Germany wanted Austria to slow Russian advance so they could repeat the Franco-Prussian war the the West, destroy France, then deal with Russia to prevent a lengthy two front war
28
Q
August 1, 1914 - formal declaration of WW1
A
- Germany declared war on Russia
- Two days later Germany invaded France
- Britain then declared war on Germany
- Russia/Britain/France vs. Germany/Austria
29
Q
Battle of the Marne
A
- Germans came close to Paris, but were stopped at the Marne River
- German advance was stopped, but France lost some important land
- One front war was prevented
- Armies on both sides stopped progressing and dug in - started living in trenches
30
Q
Trench warefare
A
- Tens of thousands living in trenches
- In front of trenches was barbed wire
- In-between was no-man’s land designated by constant shelling
- Defense: grenades, machine guns, and poison gas
- Poison gas - horribly devastating, but horribly inefficient, 10,000’s died or were blinded
- Miserable, little gained, little lost except horrible number of casulties
31
Q
Verdun
A
- February 1916, Germans attacked French Verdun
- End of campaign in June, Germans had very little new ground, but had lost 300,000
- French held off Germans
- Measure of shear carnage of WW1
- 600,000 casualties
- no glory and no territory gain
32
Q
Spring offensive 1917
A
- English/French attacked Germans
- Severe mutiny, hundreds were court-marshaled
- Governments had to promise no more offensives like that
33
Q
Passchendaele/Battle of Flanders Field
A
- British offensive in Belgium against Germany
- Mud made advancing men easy targets
- British lost 240,000
- Example of waste of WW1
- Grim and worthless like much of war
34
Q
New German plan
A
- Failure of Verdun convinced Germans they could win a 1 front war by knocking out Russia first
- Russia was suffering horribly on battlefield
- 1917 New Communist Government signed treaty with Germans effectively ending Russian participation in the war
- Spring: Germans now have 1 front war with French
35
Q
US entrance into the war
A
- Germany did not have much of a navy, so France and Britain were easily able to blockade the Germans
- Germany developed weapon against British naval blockade (U-Boat/Submarine)
- Began attacking British shipments
- Early 1917, attacked the Lusitania (passenger carrier)
- Many Americans died, which encouraged America to enter the war
- America declared war on Germany in April 1917
- Provided Britain with food, war materials and troops
- Hurt German morale
36
Q
Second Battle of the Marne
A
- Germany decided they should act before America acted
- Launched offensive in Spring 1918 and pushed toward Paris
- Got close, but were stopped again at the Marne river
37
Q
End of the war
A
- Germans were running our of supplies and allied tanks began to gain ground and pushed Germans back
- German King resigned
- Autumn 1918 military leader ended the war
- November 11, 1918 Germans sued for peace
- Foreign troops never made it to Germany - surrendered before battle made it to German soil
- Hitler saw an illegitimate surrender at cost of German pride
38
Q
Pogroms
A
- Anti-Semitic riots (anti Jewish) in Russia
- Alexander 2nd ended serfdom, but serfs weren’t much better off and were angry at government
- Some government leaders started Pogroms in 1880’s to deflect anger of peasants from government to Jews
39
Q
Alexander Herzen
A
- Wanted reform in Russia, but lived in London
- Wanted revolution to be started by peasants, told people to educate the people to radicalize them
- Most peasants called secret police on reformers rather than joining them because they were afraid of the government
- Attempt at reform failed
