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PSYC 100B > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior.

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2
Q

Medical Model

A

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be daignosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

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3
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without a DNA change).

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4
Q

DSM-5

A

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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5
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Specific Phobia

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6
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a sate of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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7
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

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8
Q

Specific Phobia

A

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, acitvity, or situation.

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9
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

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10
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

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11
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic form without apparent physical cause.

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12
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

Formerly called hypochondriasis.

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13
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either:

1) depressed mood or
2) loss of interest or pleasure

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14
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

A group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

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15
Q

Mania

A

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common.

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16
Q

Rumination

A

Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.

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17
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.

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18
Q

Psychotic Disorders

A

A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.

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19
Q

Delusion

A

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

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20
Q

Chronic (Process) Schizophrenia

A

A form of schizophrenia in whcih symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood.

As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

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21
Q

Acute (Reactive) Schizophrenia

A

A form of schizophrenia htat can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely.

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22
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Contraversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

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23
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.

Formerly called mulitple personality disorder.

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24
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

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25
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
26
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.
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28
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disroder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight loss-promoting behavior such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
28
Binge-Eating Disorder
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.
28
Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Central nervous system abnormatliies (usually in teh brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellecutal limitations or a psychological disorder).
28
Intellectual Disability
A conditino of limited mental ability, indicated by an intellegence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life.
29
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviours.
30
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A psychological disorder marked by the extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
31
Pyschotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
32
Biomedical Therapy
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.
33
Eclectic Approach
An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
34
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences. Interpretations of the above by the therapist releases previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
35
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
36
Interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
37
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyt of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). e.g. falling in love with your therapist, or seeing them as a parental figure.
38
Psychodynamic Therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.
39
Insight Therapies
Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
40
Person-Centered Therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techinques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth.
41
Active Listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers' person-centered therapy.
42
Unconditional Positive Regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
43
Behaviour Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours.
44
Counterconditioning
Behaviour therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviours; include exposure tehrapies and aversive conditioning.
45
Exposure Therapies
Behavioural techniques such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy. Treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.
46
Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias.
47
Virtual reality exposure Therapy
A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.
48
Aversive Conditioning
Associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
49
Token Economy
An operatn conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats.
50
Cognitive Therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
51
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).
52
Group Therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.
53
Family Therapy
Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviours as influenced by, or directed at, other family memebrs.
54
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradicory evidence.
55
Meta-Analysis
A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.
56
Evidence-based Practice
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
57
Therapeutic Alliance
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.
58
Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
59
Antipsychotic Drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia nad other forms of severe thought disorders.
60
Antianxiety Drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
61
Antidepressant Drugs
Drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Several widely used drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
62
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
63
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; sued to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
64
Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
65
Lobotomy
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncotrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves conecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
66
Resilience
The personal strenght that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
67
Posttraumatic Growth
Postive Psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
68
4Ds of Disorders
Deviance - recurring behaviours, thoughts, or emotions that deviate from the typcial expectations of society. Distress - Behaviour causes distress to oneself or others. Dysfunction - the behaviour interferes with daily functioning. Danger: the behaviour is harmful to oneself or others.
69
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Excess in normal perception or behaviour. e.g. hallucinations (too much sensation/perception), delusions (too self-focused), disorganized thinking and speech (excess cognitive associations).
70
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Absence or deficit of typically present behaviours. Flat or blunted affect, alogia, avolition, anhedonia.
71
MDD and PDD Symptoms
Depressed mood Reduced enjoyment of activities Lethargy/agitation Difficulty concentrating Thoughts of death and suicide Feeling hopeless Poor self-esteem Reduced energy levels Problems regulating sleep/appetite
72
What do effective psychotherapy styles seem to have in common?
Hope: assume the client has resources useful for recovery & that improvement is possible. The relationship: empathy, trust, & caring provde environment for healthy growth. New perspective: new interpretations & narratives from victim to survivor. Therapeutic alliance.
73
Antipsychotic
Reduces symptoms of schizophrenia especially positive symptoms. Block dopamine receptors. Sluggishness, tremors, twitching.
74
Antianxiety
Temporarily reduces worried thinking & physical agitation. Slow nervous system activity in body and brain. Physiological dependence, withdrawal, increased anxiety, insomnia.
75
Antidepressent
Improves mood and control over depressing & anxious thoughts. Increase levels of serotonin (sometimes norepinephrine) at synapses by inhibiting reuptake; possible neurogensis. Dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, dizzy spells.
76
Mood Stabilizers
Reduces the "highs" of mania & the depressive "lows" reduce risk of suicide. Under invesigation (we don't know). Headache, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness hand tremors, dry mouth.

PSYC 100B (5 decks)

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