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PSYC 100B > Chapter 5 Module (Development) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Module (Development) Flashcards

1
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Compare people of different ages to each other.

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2
Q

Longitudinal Research Design

A

Repeatedly test same participants as they age.

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3
Q

Sequential Research Design

A

Repeatedly test many age cohorts as they age.

(both cross and longitudinal)

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4
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Impacted by genes and environment.

6 months - fetus is responsive to sound - preferring familiar voices at birth

Word recognition occuring at 29 weeks.

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5
Q

Infants

A

Babies prefer to look at images that resemble a face.

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6
Q

Birth - 3 yrs

A

Branching neural networks enable walking, talking, and remembering.

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7
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

Earliest conscious memories start at age 3.

Can still remember procedural memories.

Due to immature brain regions, lack of retreival cues, and unclear self-concept.

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8
Q

Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.

Jean Piaget - Father of modern developmental psychology.

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9
Q

Schemas

A

Organized patterns of thought and action.

Internal frameworks that guide or interactions

Mental molds into which we pour our experiences.

Developing

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10
Q

Assimilation

A

Automatically interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Step 1.

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11
Q

Accomodate

A

Adapting current understandings to incorporate new information.

Step 2.

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12
Q

Piaget Stage Theorist

A

Cognitive development occurs through 4 distinct stages, in a particular order.

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13
Q

Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor

A

Birth - 2yrs

acquire through sensing and moving

Object permanence - continue to exist when they are not visible.

Occurs earlier than Piaget thought, includes counting.

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14
Q

Piaget Stage 3: Preoperational

A

2 - 6/7yrs

Represent schema and feelings with words and images

Visual models to represent other places - egange in pretend play

Replacing egocentrism theory of mind

Use intuition (not logic or abstraction)

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

I am the world.

Preoperational child has difficulty taking another’s POV

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16
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Ability to understand that others have their own thoughts and perspective.

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17
Q

Piaget Stage 3: Concrete Operational

A

7-12 yrs

Understand how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects.

Conservation

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18
Q

Conservation

A

Notion that properties (mass, volume, & number) remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

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19
Q

Piaget Stage 4: Formal Operational

A

12 yrs - Adulthood

Reasoning ability expands to abstract thinking

Use symbols & imagined realities to systematically reason (includes algreba)

Abstract thinking begins earlier

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20
Q

Reflections on Piaget’s Theory

A

Globally influential

Development is a continuous process

Children show some mental abilities & operations at an earlier age than Piaget thought

Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition, even for adults

Culture influences cognitive development

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21
Q

Adolescence

A

Transition from childhood to adulthood.

Frontal lobe development and synaptic pruning - risk-taking behaviours.

22
Q

Adolescence: Moral Development

A

Focus on masculine moral reasoning - do not consider feminine moral reasoning

Best approach is androgynous

Theory used to explain differences between men & women in workplace ethical situations

23
Q

Adolescence: Social Development

A

Influenced largely by peer group - seek to fit in (ostracism painful)

Parent-child arguments often increase

24
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

18-25

Cultures that allow prolongues period of independent role exploration.

5 features:
- identity exploration
- instability
- self-focus
- feeling in between
- age of possibilities

25
Adulthood Stages
Early adulthood - roughly 20s & 30s Middle adulthood - 40s to 65 Late adulthood after 65 Within stages, people will vary widely in physical, psychological, & social development
26
Negative Emotions
Experience of negative emotions decrease as we age Older adults change their negative states faster than young adults Morel likely to experience mixed emotions.
27
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
As people age, they shift from prioritizing information seeking goals to emotion focused goals. Older adults effectively regulate emotional experience to enhance emotional well-being.
28
Aging and Memory
Younger people remember names better. Ability to recall new information declined during early & middle adulthood.
29
Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Infant: Trust v. Mistrust Toddler: Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt Pre-Schooler: Initiative v. Guilt Grade-Schooler: Industry v. Inferiority Teenager: Identity v. Role Confusion Young Adult: Intimacy v. Isolation Middle-age Adult: Generativity v. Stagnation Older Adult: Integreity v. Despair
30
Developmental Pyschology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the life span. 1. Nature and nurture 2. Continuity and stages 3. Stability and change
31
Zygote
Fertilized egg 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an
32
Embryo
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
33
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
34
Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
35
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features.
36
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repreated exposure to stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
37
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
38
Scaffold
Vygotsky A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.
39
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
40
Attatchment
An emotional tie with others. Shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation.
41
Critical Period
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
42
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form strong attatchments during early life.
43
Basic Trust
According to Erikson. A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. Said to be formed during infancy by appropirate experiences with responsive caregivers.
44
Self-Concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?'
45
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian (controlling) Permissive Neglectful Authoritative (confronting)
46
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing.
47
Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Thinking
Preconventional - self interest - obey rules for outcome (9-) Conventional - laws and rules to gain social approval (early adolescence) Postconventional - beleif in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles (adolescence and beyond)
48
Social Identity
The we aspect of our self-concept Group memberships
49
Intimacy
Erikson The ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.
50
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation Refers to the biological changes a woman experienes as her ability to reproduce declines
51
Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD)
Acquired (not life long) disorders marked by cognitive deficits Related to Alzheimers disease, brain injury/disease, substance abuse Also referred to as dementia in older adults
52
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage , parenthood, and retirement.

PSYC 100B (5 decks)

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