Motivation Module Flashcards
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation arising from internal factors like a sense of personal satisfaction.
Autonomy
Mastery
Purpose
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation arising from external factors like rewards.
Compensation
Punishment
Reward
Concepts of Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
Hollistic approach.
Basic universal needs that may be ordred into a heirarchy.
You must fulfill one set before the next set.
Only self-acualization is growth needs (motivation increases).
Deficient needs: when they are satisfied, the motivation temporarily decreases.
Instinct Theory
William James 1842-1910
Instinct is a species-specific pattern of behaviour that is not learned.
Lots of things listed as instinct.
Criticised because of the role of learning in human behaviour.
Drive Reduction Theory
Deviations from homeostasis drive behaviour.
Habit is a pattern of behaviour that we regularly engage. Successfully reducing a drive through a behaviour will drive increases likelihood of engaging in that behaviour again.
Optimal Arousal Theory
Motivated to maintain a level of arousal.
Low arousal = boredom
High arousal = overstimulation (anxiety)
High performance quality relies on being at an optimal level of arousal.
Motivation
The wants or needs that direct behaviour toward a goal.
Overjustification
Intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.
Extinguishing the intrinsic motivation and creating a dependence on extrinsic rewards to continued performance.
Extrinsic (i.e. praise) can also enhance intrinsic motivation. (tangible vs. intangible).
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Part of optimal arousal theory.
Difficult tasks require lower levels of arousal.
Easy tasks require higher levels of arousal.
Critiques of Maslow’s Heirarchy
Order is not fixed - culturarally and individually relevant
Self esteem matters more in individualist cultures
Addiction, soldiers, wifi/battery.
Maslow’s Heirarchy
Physiological
Security
Social
Esteem
Self-actualization
Mechanisms of Hunger
Hypothalamus rules feelins of hunger and satiation.
Glucose blood levels, hormone levels, emptiness of digetive organs
Ghrelin
Increases appetite hormone.
Released from the stomach to the brain.
Orexin
Increases appetite hormone.
Released from the brain to the body.
(get into my stomach!)
Insulin
Decreases appetite hormone.
Released form the pancreas to control blodd glucose.
Leptin
Decreases appetite hormone.
Secreted by fat cells to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
PYY
Decrease appetite hormones.
Secreted by digestive tract to send signals to the brain.
Metabolic Rate
The amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.
Set-Point Theory
Genetically predetermined weight that our bodies maintain despite efforts to lose weight.
Fails to account for the influence of social and environmental factors.
Affiliation Need
Key human motivation.
The need to belong and hold relationships.
Evolutionary Benefits to Belonging
Reproduction Strengthened
Cooperation enhanced survival
Self-Determination Theory
Three needs:
Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness
Increases health, reducesstress, and boosts self-esteem.
Ostracism
Deliberate social exclusions of individuals or groups - same brain reaction as physical pain.
Measured by cyberball.
Gender
The psychological and sociological representations of one’s biological sex.
