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Bio 120 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

To create nucleotides is sugar (deoxyribose) connected with the phosphate group?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are the ways that bases are always connected?

A

Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine

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3
Q

What is the difference in structure between pyrimidines and purines?

A

Pyrimidines: single ringed, whereas purines are double ringed

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4
Q

Does the two of them bonding together help form the double helix structure of DNA?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

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6
Q

Does the nitrogenous base make a difference of what nucleotide you’re working with?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Is the backbone of DNA and RNA held together by covalent bonds?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Which of ATCG are pyrimidines/purines?

A

Pyrimidines: thymine, and cytosine. Purines: adenine, and guanine.

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9
Q

Do hydrogens bond with different bases?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Does the antiparallel structure refer to the two strands of DNA?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What does it mean when it is said that the two strands are antiparallel?

A

One strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, while the other runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction

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12
Q

Does the 5’ end have a phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What does the 3’ end have?

A

A hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar

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14
Q

What did Griffith’s experiment demonstrate?

A

Genetic transformation in bacteria

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15
Q

Did he use two strains of streptococcus pneumonia to determine whether there was genetic transformation?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Was there a smooth but caused disease strain, as well as a rough and did not cause a disease?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Recall the experiment

A

S strain and R strain were both given to two different mines. The R-strain one survived whereas the one with the R-strain did not. The S strain was then heated and tested on another mouse, and a mix of the heat killed strain and R strain was given to the mouse given to mouse and died

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18
Q

Did Watson and Crick’s model provide the first accurate understanding of the double helix structure?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Was Franklin able to take the DNA and identify the double strand model?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Did the Meselson and Stahl experiment provide definitive evidence that DNA replication is semiconservative?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What does DNA replication being semiconservative mean?

A

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old (parental) strand and one newly synthesised one

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22
Q

Did Meselson and Stahl grow strands with medium and isotopes?

A

Yes

23
Q

What type of DNA molecules would conservative replication give you?

A

One DNA molecule would consist of two original strands, and the other would consist of two newly synthesized strands

24
Q

What is the process of DNA moving to the mRNA called?

A

Transcription

25
Q

What is the movement from mRNA to proteins called? What does it use?

A

Its called translation and uses tRNA and rRNA

26
Q

Is RNA pulling the double strands apart responsible for transcription?

A

Yes

27
Q

Does RNA synthesis begin at the start site of the gene, and RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand until termination?

A

Yes

28
Q

What must ribosomes contain to turn mRNA into protein?

A

rRNA

29
Q

What is tRNA responsible for?

A

Each tRNA enables the translation of a given mRNA codon into a certain amino acid

30
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA/RNA that codes for a specific amino acid

31
Q

For translation to occur does the tRNA bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA’s codons?

A

Yes

32
Q

What is the ribosome’s job?

A

Ensures proper assembly of the growing polypeptide chain until the entire protein is synthesised

33
Q

What are the two main structures responsible for translation?

A

Ribosomes, and tRNA

34
Q

What is the genetic codes?

A

Set of rules by which the information encoded within DNA or RNA is translated into proteins

35
Q

What is the promoter?

A

Region of DNA located at the beginning of the gene which acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase

36
Q

Who is the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

37
Q

State 5 reasons why peas are used a model for Mendelian genetics

A

Easy for pollination, really fast to reproduce, ethically acceptable, easy for germination, and easy to see phenotypes

38
Q

What are the three principles of Mendelian genetics?

A

Dominant and recessive, segregation, and independent assortment

39
Q

Do organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent, with one allele normally being dominant and the other being recessive?

A

Yes

40
Q

What is segregation?

A

When meiosis makes sex cells, each cell has only one allele

41
Q

What does independent assortment mean?

A

Each trait is passed on independent of other traits

42
Q

What is the difference between dominant and recessive?

A

Dominant is expressed when present, even if there is only one copy. Recessive is only expressed when two copies are present

43
Q

What does homozygous and heterozygous mean, respectively?

A

Homozygous: the same alleles, heterozygous: different alleles

44
Q

What does genotype and phenotype mean, respectively?

A

Genotype: the genes you have. Phenotype: how those genes are expressed

45
Q

What does incomplete dominance and codominance mean, respectively?

A

Incomplete dominance: Neither allele is dominant, and the resulting phenotype is a blend of both traits. Codominance: when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, showing both traits side by side

46
Q

What does pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance mean, respectively?

A

Pleiotropy: When one gene affects multiple, unrelated traits in an organism. Polygenic inheritance: when multiple genes work together to influence a single trait

47
Q

Are ribosomes the sites of translation?

A

Yes

48
Q

Does DNA have deoxyribose, and is generally double-stranded?

A

Yes

49
Q

Does RNA have ribose, and is generally single-stranded?

A

Yes

50
Q

Does the complimentary base pairing make it possible to generate two identical copies of each DNA molecule in a cell preparing to divide?

A

Yes

51
Q

What bases are present as pyrimidines and purines respectively?

A

Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil): single six membraned ring, purines (adenine and guanine): six-membered ring fused to a five-membraned ring

52
Q

How do you form a nucleoside, and nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside: nitrogenous base + (pentose) sugar, nucleotide: nucleoside + phosphate group

53
Q
A

Bio 120 (3 decks)

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