Test 2 Flashcards
Do nucleic acids get broken down into nucleotides?
Yes
What is the job of DNA?
Holds the genetic blueprint for building and maintaining an organism, with each gene in DNA encoding the instructions for making a particular protein
What is the job of RNA?
Copies the DNA’s instructions into a form that can be read and translated by cellular machinery
What happens at the ribosomes?
The sequence of nucleotide bases is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein
What process turns monomers into nucleotides?
Nucleotide biosynthesis
What nitrogenous base is found in DNA, compared to RNA?
A (Adenine) T (Thymine) C (Cytosine) G (Guanine) in DNA. U (Uracil) replaces Thymine in RNA
State 3 things that DNA has that RNA does not?
Double strand, sugar deoxyribose, and chromosomes
State 3 things that RNA has that DNA does not?
Single strand, ribose, and mRNA (carries the transcribed genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes), rRNA (a part of the ribosome’s structure and plays a role in facilitating the translation of mRNA), and tRNA (helps transport amino acids to the ribosome during translation)
What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
Due to deoxyribose lack of oxygen it is more stable, making it more suitable for storing genetic information, whereas ribose makes RNA more reactive, aiding RNA’s various roles in the cell
Is DNA’s structure a double helix?
Yes
How many and what parts are nucleotides made up of?
Phosphate group, sugar molecule, and nitrogenous base
What molecules make up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and phosphate
State 6 characteristics of a plant cell?
Chloroplast, photosynthesis, mitochondria, a rigid cell wall, no cholesterol cell membrane, and a vacuole
State 4 characteristics of an animal cell?
Mitochondria which carries out cell respiration and energy production, no cell wall, cholesterol cell membrane, and no vacuole
Does mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria?
Yes
State 3 similarities of bacteria within mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Enveloped by a double membrane, contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules, and grow/reproduce somewhat independently in cells
What theory did these similarities lead to?
The Endosymbiont Theory
What does the endosymbiont theory suggest?
An early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
What happened when the oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell got engulfed by the eukaryote?
Became an endosymbiont
What are the two layers to the phospholipid bilayer?
The hydrophilic head, and the hydrophobic tails
Which of the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails extend towards, and are directed away from the intracellular and extracellular fluid?
Hydrophilic heads extend toward the fluids, and hydrophobic tails are directed away
What does the selective barrier of the plasma membrane allow the passage of?
Oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
As a cell increases in size does its volume grow proportionately more than its surface area?
Yes
What are the 4 functions of the plasma membrane?
Holds contents of cell in place, takes in food and nutrients, builds and exports molecules, and absorbs and dissipates heat
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles of any substance from high to low concentration so they spread out evenly into the available space
What is facilitated diffusion?
Same but requires carrier proteins
What is active transport?
When energy usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis is used to move substances against their concentration gradients.
In active transport are all protein involved carrier proteins?
Yes
Is osmosis the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Yes
What are aquaporins?
Proteins that allow water to pass through cell membranes
What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic?
Hypertonic: if the solute (substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution) concentration is greater than that inside the cell. Hypotonic: If the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell
What is an isotonic solution?
If its solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell
Are bacteria cells prokaryotic?
Yes
What can be found in all cells?
Plasma membrane, nucleoid, chromosomes, and ribosomes
For eukaryotic cells where is cytoplasm found?
In the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
What is found in a bacteria cell?
Cytoplasm, DNA in a region called the nucleotide, flagella (involved with the movement of a cell, pili (adherence to surfaces), plasmids (circumvent potential disruption to the chromosomal DNA)
