Test 2

Question 1

Do nucleic acids get broken down into nucleotides?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What is the job of DNA?

Answer 2

Holds the genetic blueprint for building and maintaining an organism, with each gene in DNA encoding the instructions for making a particular protein

Question 3

What is the job of RNA?

Answer 3

Copies the DNA’s instructions into a form that can be read and translated by cellular machinery

Question 4

What happens at the ribosomes?

Answer 4

The sequence of nucleotide bases is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein

Question 5

What process turns monomers into nucleotides?

Answer 5

Nucleotide biosynthesis

Question 6

What nitrogenous base is found in DNA, compared to RNA?

Answer 6

A (Adenine) T (Thymine) C (Cytosine) G (Guanine) in DNA. U (Uracil) replaces Thymine in RNA

Question 7

State 3 things that DNA has that RNA does not?

Answer 7

Double strand, sugar deoxyribose, and chromosomes

Question 8

State 3 things that RNA has that DNA does not?

Answer 8

Single strand, ribose, and mRNA (carries the transcribed genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes), rRNA (a part of the ribosome’s structure and plays a role in facilitating the translation of mRNA), and tRNA (helps transport amino acids to the ribosome during translation)

Question 9

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

Answer 9

Due to deoxyribose lack of oxygen it is more stable, making it more suitable for storing genetic information, whereas ribose makes RNA more reactive, aiding RNA’s various roles in the cell

Question 10

Is DNA’s structure a double helix?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

How many and what parts are nucleotides made up of?

Answer 11

Phosphate group, sugar molecule, and nitrogenous base

Question 12

What molecules make up the backbone of DNA?

Answer 12

Sugar and phosphate

Question 13

State 6 characteristics of a plant cell?

Answer 13

Chloroplast, photosynthesis, mitochondria, a rigid cell wall, no cholesterol cell membrane, and a vacuole

Question 14

State 4 characteristics of an animal cell?

Answer 14

Mitochondria which carries out cell respiration and energy production, no cell wall, cholesterol cell membrane, and no vacuole

Question 15

Does mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

State 3 similarities of bacteria within mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 16

Enveloped by a double membrane, contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules, and grow/reproduce somewhat independently in cells

Question 17

What theory did these similarities lead to?

Answer 17

The Endosymbiont Theory

Question 18

What does the endosymbiont theory suggest?

Answer 18

An early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell

Question 19

What happened when the oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell got engulfed by the eukaryote?

Answer 19

Became an endosymbiont

Question 20

What are the two layers to the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 20

The hydrophilic head, and the hydrophobic tails

Question 21

Which of the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails extend towards, and are directed away from the intracellular and extracellular fluid?

Answer 21

Hydrophilic heads extend toward the fluids, and hydrophobic tails are directed away

Question 22

What does the selective barrier of the plasma membrane allow the passage of?

Answer 22

Oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

Question 23

As a cell increases in size does its volume grow proportionately more than its surface area?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What are the 4 functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 24

Holds contents of cell in place, takes in food and nutrients, builds and exports molecules, and absorbs and dissipates heat

Question 25

What is diffusion?

Answer 25

The movement of particles of any substance from high to low concentration so they spread out evenly into the available space

Question 26

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 26

Same but requires carrier proteins

Question 27

What is active transport?

Answer 27

When energy usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis is used to move substances against their concentration gradients.

Question 28

In active transport are all protein involved carrier proteins?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

Is osmosis the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

What are aquaporins?

Answer 30

Proteins that allow water to pass through cell membranes

Question 31

What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic?

Answer 31

Hypertonic: if the solute (substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution) concentration is greater than that inside the cell. Hypotonic: If the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell

Question 32

What is an isotonic solution?

Answer 32

If its solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell

Question 33

Are bacteria cells prokaryotic?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

What can be found in all cells?

Answer 34

Plasma membrane, nucleoid, chromosomes, and ribosomes

Question 35

For eukaryotic cells where is cytoplasm found?

Answer 35

In the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Question 36

What is found in a bacteria cell?

Answer 36

Cytoplasm, DNA in a region called the nucleotide, flagella (involved with the movement of a cell, pili (adherence to surfaces), plasmids (circumvent potential disruption to the chromosomal DNA)