Test 3

Question 1

what is the definition of social determinants of health?

Answer 1

the conditions under which people live and work, including factors such as income, education, stress, racism, food insecurity

Question 2

harm reduction vs health promotion

Answer 2

harm reduction:
- seeks to reduce the health and social harms associated with addiction and substance use, without necessarily requiring people who use substances from abstaining or stopping

health promotion:
- the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health by participating in health efforts to meet needs, cope and adapt to changes and build resilience

Question 3

how are life promotion and harm reduction related to intermediate determinants of health?

Answer 3

1. Healthcare Systems
   - Life Promotion: Focuses on wellness and preventative care (i.e check-ups, vaccinations)
   - Harm Reduction: Provides health services like needle exchanges and overdose prevention sites.
2. Educational Systems
   - Life Promotion: Teaches healthy lifestyles and life skills (i.e nutrition, physical activity)
   - Harm Reduction: Educates on minimizing risks of harmful behaviours (topics on safe alcohol consumption, anti-drug education)
3. Cultural Continuity
   - Life Promotion: Supports cultural identity and community strength.
   - Harm Reduction: Tailors services to cultural needs for greater engagement.
4. Environmental Stewardship
   - Life Promotion: Ensures access to clean, safe environments (clean air, water, and green spaces)
   - Harm Reduction: Provides safe spaces for high-risk behaviors (monitored by training staff and equipped with resources)
5. Community Resources and Infrastructure
   - Life Promotion: Enhances public health through accessible resources (healthcare, education, libraries, gyms, transportation etc)
   - Harm Reduction: Relies on community infrastructure for services like outreach programs, shelters, and healthcare clinics

Question 4

what is the indigenous wellness framework?

Answer 4

• a foundational framework developed by Elders and Knowledge Keepers who shared their understanding of what wellness is from an Indigenous point of view
• The NWA includes four fundamental wellness indicators including: Hope, Belonging, Meaning and Purpose.
  –> physical wellness creates purpose
  –> spiritual wellness creates hope
  –> emotional wellness creates belonging
  –> mental wellness creates meaning

Question 5

what are the 4 components of the Indigenous Wellness Framework?

Answer 5

• physical wellness expressed through: Wholeness & Way of Being
• spiritual wellness expressed through: Belief & Identity
• emotional wellness expressed through: Atitude & Relationship
• mental wellness expressed through: Intuition, Understanding & Rationale

Question 6

what is cultural continuity?

Answer 6

• “being who we are”
• ongoing/sustained/passed on forms of culture that are linked to tradition from the past
• the ability to preserve the historical traditions of a culture and carry them forward into the future
  –> need intergenerational and traditional connections to pass on cultural knowledge, traditions and identity

Question 7

how was “cultural continuity” used by Chandler & Lalonde?

Answer 7

• its the degree to which social and cultural cohesion exists within a community
• used in relation to suicide prevention
  –> in communities where they have land titles, self-government, control over education, cultural facilities, control over policies and health and social programs = LITTLE TO NO SUICIDE

Question 8

what is cultural awareness?

Answer 8

is a beginning step toward understanding that there is differences and similarities between two cultures when communicating or interacting

Question 9

cultural sensitivity

Answer 9

• ability to acknowledge that difference in cultures is important and must be respectful towards their cultural identiities
• it tends to focus on “others” as the bearer of culture

Question 10

cultural competence

Answer 10

skills, knowledge and attitudes to safely and satisfactorily deliver care that meets the needs of a person, family and community

Question 11

cultural safety

Answer 11

term comes from a Maori nurse leader in response to colonialism
- includes cultural awareness, competence, and sensitivity
- creates an environment that is defined as “safe” by those who receive the service

Question 12

cultural humility

Answer 12

• approaching each encounter with the knowledge that our own perspectives are full of assumptions and prejudices
• identifying and acknowledging biases

Question 13

what were the 5 themes that arose from the research analysis about cultural continuity?

Answer 13

cultural continuity is connected to:
1) health and wellness outcomes
2) components of cultural connectedness (i.e traditional practices)
3) knowledge transmission (i.e passing on knowledge)
4) journeys of cultural disconnection
5) barriers to cultural continuity (i.e discrimination, lack of funding)

Question 14

what did the research article from BMC public health determine about cultural continuity and health?

Answer 14

• in 2016, 15 Yellowknife Denes First Nation (YDFN) youth participated in the “On-the-Land Health Leadership Camp”
• using a strength- and community-based approach, they provided opportunities for youth to practice cultural skills and capture their perspectives of health
• the overall emerging theme was that connection to the land is an imperative determinant to Indigenous health
• the youth identified practicing cultural skills, Elders passing on traditional knowledge, and surviving off the land as important factors

Question 15

how do proximal determinants influence health?

Answer 15

• reduces the capacity for an individual to meet basic survivable needs
• contributes to acute and cumulative stress that produces or exacerbates health problems
• can also prevent individual from developing personal skills and healthy behaviours

Question 16

what is the Community Wellbeing Index (CWB)?

Answer 16

• a composite score for communities based on income, education, housing quantity and quality, labour force characteristics
• created by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada

–> Scores for FN and Inuit communities are well below those of non-indigenous communities
–> although scores for everyone have increased (got better) over time, a significant gap still remains

Question 17

what were the 6 main core determinants of health described in the readings?

Answer 17

• child welfare policies and systems
• criminal justice system
• health care systems
• educational systems
• community infrastructure and resources
• environmental stewardship

Question 18

role of child welfare policies & systems as core determinants of health

Answer 18

• in 1950’s Indigenous chilsren were aprehended and relocated into the home of non-indigenous people as a form of assimilation
• Indigenous people are overrepresented in the child welfare system (over 50% depsite being only 7% of youth)
• intergenerational trauma, poverty, mental illness and substance abuse are commonly associated with child welfare involvement

Question 19

role of the criminal justice system as core determinants of health

Answer 19

• within the criminal justice system, indigenous people are far too overrepresented as both victims and offenders
• Indigenous people are disproportionately affected by violent crimes, murder and sexual assault
• the Supreme Court and several inquiries have identified systemic discrimination through the justice system, (policing, courts and corrections)
• Indigenous ancestry is highly associated with forceful police interventions and incarcerations, and denial of bail = long sentences and high representation in maximum security prisons

Question 20

role of environmental stewardship as a core determinant of health

Answer 20

• traditional ties to the natural environment is acknowledged as a major resource for good health for Indigenous people prior to colonization
• colonial expansion has lead to rapid dispossession and forced segregation of Indigenous People
• colonial governments do not acknowledge indigenous people as stewards (caretakers) of their traditional territories or permit them an equitable share of its natural resource
• industrial contamination of wildlife, fish, vegetation has forced Indigenous People further from their natural environments that once sustained community health
• when Indigenous people have authority over their lands and waters = favourable health outcomes

Question 21

role of community infrastructure and resources as a core determinant of health

Answer 21

• community infrastructure, including buildings, transportation, and essential services like water management, significantly impacts health and wellness, especially in land-based Indigenous communities.
• control and use of land and natural resources are foundational to economic success in Indigenous communities

Question 22

role of education system as core determinants of health

Answer 22

• adequate education has a profound impact on employment, income, and living conditions
• inequitable funding for education of Indigenous people has led to fewer education resources, libraries, and technologies
• it is also hard to recruit and retain teachers as the salary is not competitive
• there has been steady increase in Indigenous student pursuing post-secondary education but a gap continues to exist, mostly caused by economic and social challenges

Question 23

role of health care systems as core determinants of health

Answer 23

• indigenous people do not have geophysical, political or social access to healthcare systems = diminished screening, late diagnosis and helathcare outcomes
• geographic isolation in remote, rural communities are a substantial barrier to accessing healthcare for Indigenous people
• small isolated communities have trouble attracting and retaining health professionals = short-term, non-resident care (must pay) or have to wait and travel long distances to receive care
• First Nations are limited by needed-services not being covered or approved by the federal Non-Insured Health Benefit Plan (NIHB) or by doctors/nurses unavailable in their area
• another barrier is that healthcare is not culturally appropriate or severely inadequate

Question 24

what were the 5 main stem determinant of health described in the readings?

Answer 24

• health activities
• geophysical (physical) environments
• employment and income
• education
• food insecurity

Question 25

role of health activities/behaviours as a stem determinant of health

Answer 25

• poor health behaviours can lead to diabetes, arthritis, cancer, heart disease, and mental health
• poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and poor prenatal health are associated with in increase in morbidity and mortality
• SES, social environment, relationship stability, education and umber of children are all closely connected to smoking
• smoking is 2-3x higher in indigenous populations compared to mainstream
• many First Nations women living on reserve smoke to cope with stress and control their emotions

Question 26

role of geophysical environment as a stem determinant of health

Answer 26

• access to resources and services, housing, water and waste management, safety, transportation all play a role in health outcomes
• among indigenous people, geophysical settings are the direct result of dispossession of traditional territories, imposition of reserves and under-funding of housing/infrastructure
• poor quality drinking water is a huge concern, as over 100 FN reserves had drinking water advisories
• quality of housing is another concern, as Indigenous people are more likely to live in crowded housing than non-indigenous people
• crowded housing is linked to increased risk of infectious disease, high rate of injuries, mental health problem, substance abuse, family tensions and partner violence

Question 27

role of employment and income as a stem determinant of health

Answer 27

• socioeconomic status (SES) is clearly linked to health problems, suggesting “social causation” for inequalities in health
• people with more education, money, power, privilege are better able to avoid risk and adopt protective strategies
• through colonization, systemic racism and discrimination, Indigenous people have been denied access to resources that would improve their SES
• Indigenous people suffer from low rates of literacy, education attainment, high rates of unemployment, low income, low rates of home ownership = anxiety, insecurity, low self-esteem, hopelessness, poor mental health
• even when Indigenous people find jobs, their annual earnings are significantly less than everyone else
• most significant impact of low income is lack of access to material resources, such as nutrient dense food, leading ot high rates of obesity, diabetes, CVD

Question 28

role of education as a stem determinant of health

Answer 28

• inadequate education often results in poor literacy, which affects one’s ability to acquire information about health harming and health promoting activities
• low levels of education limit job opportunities and result in unemployment or low paying jobs
• it is less likely that Indigenous people have at least a high school diploma than non-Indigenous people. Gap also exists as college, university, trades degree attainment

Question 29

role of food insecurity as a stem determinant of health

Answer 29

• low income affects what kinds of food people have available in their neighbourhood and what they can afford to purchase
• therefore, low income are subject to food insecurity and compromised diet
• food insecurity is related to poor health outcomes, such as chronic conditions, obesity, depression
• Indigenous people living off reserve are 3x more likely to be living with food insecurity than everyone else

Question 30

who came up with the idea of “intersectionality”

Answer 30

• Kimberle Crenshaw, an african american scholar and civil right activist used the metaphor of a traffic intersection to explain the interconnection of race and gender for black women

Question 31

what are the 5 principles of self-determination

Answer 31

–> self determination is the most important determinant of health (distal determinant) because it affects all other aspects of life (intermediate, proximal)
1) freedom = to decide how to live
2) authority = over resources
3) support = to organize resources in ways that are life enhancing and meaningful
4) responsibility = to use resources wisely
5) confirmation = of the important roles everyone plays

Question 32

what is cultural resurgence?

Answer 32

• refers to the reclamation and regeneration of the Indigenous languages, tradition and relationships with the ancestral lands and waters
• cultural resurgence is part of a larger movement to reclaim Indigenous knowledge, systems, laws, and identities

Question 33

what are the stats related to Indigenous children in Foster care?

Answer 33

• indigenous families make up 8% of of Canada’s population yet First Nations, Inuit and Metis children are disproportionately more likely to be in foster care
• 7.7% of all children under age 14 are indigenous yet 53.8% if children in foster care under 14 are indigenous
• there is an overrepresentation (95%-100%) of indigenous youth in foster care particularly in territories and provinces because they have higher Indigenous populations, such as Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and the western provinces.
• In contrast, only 30% in Ontario and 17% in Quebec are in foster care
• Prince Edward Island is an outlier with 0% Indigenous children in foster care

Question 34

why are indigenous children overrepresented in Canada’s foster care system?

Answer 34

• overrepresentation stems from historical policies aiming to assimilate Indigenous people by separating children from their families.
• early assimilation efforts included residential schools, led by Duncan Campbell Scott, who advocated for the removal of Indigenous children from their communities and forced to attend in order to “get rid of the Indian problem” and erase Indigenous culture and language.
• residential schools proved costly and ineffective by the 1930s, so the system adapted to function as orphanages and child welfare institutions
• the “Sixties Scoop” in the 1960s saw over 20,000 Indigenous children placed in non-Indigenous foster homes, leading to cultural disconnection similar to residential school impacts.
• today, the foster care crisis persists due to chronic underfunding of child welfare, health, and social services on reserves
• the federal government has used the same funding formula since 1988, reallocating funds from essential services rather than increasing budgets to address needs.
• poverty, poor housing, and lack of support drive Indigenous children into foster care, where many are placed with non-Indigenous caregivers, further severing ties to their culture

Question 35

what are the Child Welfare calls to action in the TRC?

Answer 35

• there are 5 calls to actions under “child welfare” (#1-#5)
  1) Reduce the number of Indigenous children in care
  2) Publish annual reports on the number of Indigenous children in care
  3) Fully implement Jordan’s Principle
  4) Enact Indigenous child welfare legislation
  5) develop culturally appropriate parenting programs for Indigenous families

Question 36

what are the Educations calls to action in the TRC?

Answer 36

• develop a strategy to eliminate educational and employment gaps between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians
• eliminate unequal federal education funding for
  First Nations children educated on/off reserves
• publish annual education reports
• draft new Indigenous education legislation with the participation of Indigenous peoples

Question 37

what is the inquiry Respecting the Treatment, Experiences and Outcomes of Innu in the Child Protection System?

Answer 37

• Inquiry must look into and report on the treatment, experiences and outcomes of Innu in the child protection system
• will examine the underlying social, economic, cultural, institutional, and historical causes that contribute to the overrepresentation of Innu in that system and provide recommendations
• The Inquiry will operate under a guiding principle of “do no further harm” and will be conducted trauma-informed

Question 38

who is Jordan Anderson? what is the signifcance?

Answer 38

• Jordan was a First Nations child born with complex medical need
• he spent more than two years unnecessarily in hospital while the province of Manitoba and the federal government argued over who should pay for his at home care
• Jordan died in the hospital at the age of five years old, never having spent a day in a family home

Question 39

what is Jordan’s principle?

Answer 39

• Jordan’s Principle makes sure all First Nations children living in Canada can access the products, services and supports they need, when they need them
• is a legal requirement that ensures when services are requested, the government of first contact pays for the service and can resolve any jurisdictional or payment disputes later
• applies to all First Nations children, regardless of whether they live on or off-reserve.
• applies to all government services for First Nations children including mental health, education services, dental, physio, medical equipment etc

Question 40

what happened to Maurina Beadle and Jeremy?

Answer 40

• Maurina Beadle of Pictou Landing First Nation in Nova Scotia is a loving single mother of Jeremy, who has a severe form of cerebral palsy and autism
• Jeremy requires assistance with his personal care and exhibits self-harming behaviour related to his autism
• In 2010, when Jeremy was 15 years of age, Maurina experienced a double stroke, leaving her unable care for Jeremy
• The federal government proposed that Jeremy be institutionalized in order to receive that care
• instead, she tried to get services through Jordan’s Principle but the answer was ‘no’
• the case landed in Federal Court, where a judge agreed Canada had a duty to help pay for the medical care Jeremy needed at home

Question 41

how does Jordan’s principle address distal and intermediate determinants of health?

Answer 41

distal determinants:
- reducing colonial impact by providing equitable access to services for Indigenous children and challenging preexisted inequities
- combats racism and discrimination by mandates service provision based on need rather than jurisdictional boundaries

intermediate determinants:
- improving access to healthcare by removing barriers to healthcare for Indigenous children, particularly for underfunded or remote communities
- indirectly improve housing and living conditions as it covers in-home supports, assistive devices, and mobility aids
- provides funding for educational resources, tutoring ensuring First Nations children can fully participate in educational systems

Question 42

what is Shannen’s Dream?

Answer 42

• named in memory of Shannen Koostachin, a young Indigenous advocate for equal education who died before 16.
• about ensuring First Nations children and youth have the same education opportunities as others in ways that respect their languages and cultures.

Question 43

what is bill C-92 about?

Answer 43

• under Bill C-92, Indigenous communities are provided self determination, and able to develop their own policies and laws
• recognizes rights of Indigenous people to have jurisdiction over child and family services
• prioritizes cultural continuity (i.e indigenous children can be better connected to families, communities, cultures, languages)
• requires coordination between Indigenous leadership with provinces/territories to effective child and family services
• applies to First Nation, Inuit and Metis children, youth and families

Question 44

what is the example of Shoal Lake 40?

Answer 44

• 1914: City of Winnipeg displaces the Anishnaabeg of Shoal Lake to a 25 km² peninsula.
• 1919: Aqueduct built to carry clean water to Winnipeg, crossing a First Nations burial ground.
• The aqueduct isolates the Shoal Lake 40 community on an island, cutting them off from roads and forcing them to rely on untreated lake water.
• The community lacked a sewage treatment facility for 95 years.

Question 45

what is the issue with safe drinking water for Indigenous communities?

Answer 45

• many First Nations communities across Canada do not have access to safe drinking water, and suffer from boil water advisories
• many remote communities rely on rivers or lakes, which are more susceptible to contamination, increasing the need for treatment systems.
• many water treatment plants and pipelines on reserves are outdated or inadequate.
• often, the federal government provides funding for the initial construction of facilities, but ongoing operational funds are inadequate compared to similar-sized municipalities.
• many First Nations communities are in isolated or hard-to-access areas, making it difficult to construct, maintain, and monitor water treatment infrastructure.
• in communities where pipes are inadequate or non-functional, residents must buy and transport bottled water, creating both an economic and logistical burden.
• unlike municipalities, which manage their water independently, reserves fall under federal jurisdiction, which often results in underfunded and unequal service compared to non-Indigenous communities.

Question 46

what did the video about youth moving away from home for high school talk about?

Answer 46

• the Ontario inquest into the deaths of 7 First Nations students who had to leave their communities to attend high school sheds light on the harsh realities faced by Indigenous children seeking education
• many reserves lack high schools, forcing students to move far from home, where they often endure isolation, racism, unsafe living conditions, and high rates of substance abuse
• thunder Bay is a common destination where students attend Dennis Franklin Cromarty High School (DFC), an all indigenous school with about 100 students
• the federal government funds First Nations students who leave their reserves for school but does not track outcomes or provide adequate support systems, leaving students vulnerable

Question 47

what are the 3 themes on why Indigenous students leave school early?

Answer 47

1) systemic influences
- historical (i.e distrust in western educational systems due to residential schools)
- institutional (overt racism, cultural insensitivity)
2) sociocultural influences
- community and cultural connection (implicit messaging to act “not native” and struggle to build relationships)
- identity (feel alienated and isolated on campus due to indigenity)
3) individual influences
- cognition (student motivation to stay and complete school)
- specific personal characteristics (i.e are they caregivers? mature student?)

Question 48

what was the role of Shannon Kustachen and Cindy Blackstock in improving education?

Answer 48

SHANNON
- Shannon Kustachen, a young girl from Attawapiskat First Nation, fought for educational justice
- her elementary school was condemned due to toxic contamination from a diesel spill and had to attend school in a portable
- at 13, Shannon launched a campaign to demand a new school for her community, after years of neglect from the federal government
- she tragically passed away at age 15 but her efforts for equal educational opportunities for First Nations children inspired a youth-led movement that continued pushing for systemic change

CINDY
- in 2007, Cindy Blackstock from First Nations Children and Family caring Society joined AFN filed a complaint with Canadian human rights tribunal
- the complaint alleged the Canadian government discriminate against first nations children as they do not provide the same level of child welfare services that exist elsewhere
- on January 26, 2018, The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal ruled that the federal government inadequate funding model for on-reserve child care services was discriminatory and needed immediate reform

Question 49

what are the stats regarding people with a high school diploma?

Answer 49

• both rates of graduation for Indigenous and Non-Indigenous have increased over time
• non-indigenous have the highest rates at 91%
• Metis have the highest rates of all indigenous people (85.5%)
• Inuit have the lowest rates of all groups at 56%, even lower than those on reserves
• women have a higher rate of graduation compared to men in all populations (indigenous and non-indigenous)

Question 50

what are the stats regarding people with a university degree?

Answer 50

• non-indigenous have significantly higher rates of degrees (37%) compared to non-indigenous groups
• metis have the highest rate of graduation from university (19%) of all indigenous populations
• however, non-status Indian and registered Indians off-reserve have similar rates (16%)
• Inuit have the lowest rate of graduation from university (7%)
• women have higher rates of university degree compared to men

Question 51

what are the 3 influences on retention in post-secondary schooling?

Answer 51

1) systemic
- inequities exacerbated by discrimination
- financial barriers
- transition programs
- support for non-academic matters, such as mental health and wellness

2) socio-cultural
- community/cultural connection help foster a sense of belonging and support

3) individual
- personal motivation
- resilience
- academic preparedness
- individual coping strategies

Question 52

what did the Stats Can report on housing conditions say?

Answer 52

• over 1in 6 Indigenous people live in crowded housing
• the share of Indigenous people living in crowded housing declined overall among all three groups (First Nations, Métis and Inuit)
• multigenerational households were the most common living arrangement among First Nations people living in crowded housing
• Indigenous people were almost 2x more likely to live in crowded housing in compared with the non-Indigenous population, however, the gap has narrowed from 2016-2021
• Inuit living in the north (Nunavut, Nunangat) the number living in crowded housing increased from 2016-2021.
• Indigenous people were almost 3x more likely to live in a dwelling in need of major repairs than the non-Indigenous population, however the gap has narrowed from 2016-2021
• 16.4% of Indigenous people lived in a dwelling that was in need of major repairs.
• First Nations people and Métis were less likely to be living in a dwelling in need of major repairs since 2016
• Inuit living in Nunavut, the Inuvialuit region and outside Inuit Nunangat, the number living in crowded housing increased from 2016 to 2021.

Question 53

what stands out regarding housing conditions among Indigenous populations in Canada?

Answer 53

• indigenous people are almost 2x more likely to live in crowding housing compared to non-indigenous people
• indigenous people are 3x more likely in need of major house repairs than non-indigenous people

Question 54

what are the trends regarding housing for First Nations? (map)

Answer 54

• Manitoba and Saskatchewan report the highest rates of overcrowding rates and major repairs
  –> suggest that families often share homes due to limited housing availability, likely exacerbated by economic and geographic challenges
  –> not only is there a lack of sufficient housing, but much of the existing housing is deteriorating and possibly unsafe
• The northern territories also face high overcrowding rates, with the Northwest Territories at 29% and Nunavut at 17%
  –> reflect the significant housing scarcity in remote and northern areas, where construction costs are high, and housing infrastructure is often limited
• Even provinces with relatively lower percentages, such as NFL (9%) and PEI (15%), still show concerning rates suggesting that inadequate housing quality is a widespread issue across the country for First Nations communities

Question 55

what are the trends regarding housing for Metis? (map)

Answer 55

• NWT, Yukon and Nunavut have the highest rates for both major repairs (19%) and overcrowded dwellings (13%) among Métis communities
  –> indicates that Métis people in the northern, rural areas encounter housing challenges
  –> likely due to inadequate or deteriorating housing, expensive maintenance costs and insufficient living space/ limited housing availability
• British Columbia, Alberta, and NFL have lower rates for both overcrowding and need for repairs
  –> this suggests that, in these areas, Métis housing conditions may be somewhat more stable and less in need of immediate intervention
• may reflect a greater availability of housing
• could reflect better-maintained housing or more accessible repair services in these areas.

Question 56

what are the trends regarding housing for Inuit? (map)

Answer 56

• there is a serious housing crisis faced by Inuit populations as a large proportion of dwellings require major repairs and are overcrowded.
  –> particularly prevalent in remote, northern regions like Nunavut and Nunavik
• Southern Canada have signifcantly lower rates (12%) of crowded housing and repairs
  –> highlights the disparity between Inuit regions and the rest of Canada
• difference is due to better infrastructure, accessibility, and maintenance resources in the south compared to remote northern communities

Question 57

what percentage of First Nations, Inuit, Metis live in crowded housing?

Answer 57

• 1 in 5 First Nations live in crowded housing
• 1 in 12 Metis live in crowded housing
• 2 in 5 Inuit live in crowded housing

Question 58

what is the impact of geographic location on housing?

Answer 58

• remote, geographic isolation of northern Indigenous communities face unique challenges in housing:
• high construction costs
• economic hardships affect ability to afford home improvements
• transportation difficulties (expensive to transport)
• climate (extreme cold, high winds, permafrost) impacts that can accelerate wear on housing infrastructure
• reduced access to affordable, high quality housing

Question 59

what are the trends of the chart explaining percentage of URBAN Indigenous population living below housing standards?

Answer 59

• affordability is the largest housing issue across all Indigenous groups
• suitability and adequacy are also notable issues, though less prevalent than affordability.
• First Nations face significantly higher rates of housing challenges than all other Indigenous populations, including non-Indigenous people
• non-Indigenous populations housing needs are considerably lower, with less issues regarding affordability, adequacy and suitability

Question 60

what are the trends of the chart explaining percentage of RURAL Indigenous population living below housing standards?

Answer 60

• 32.2% of the rural Indigenous population lives below housing standards, much higher than non-Indigenous population
• affordability is a major issue across all Indigenous groups, though not as severe as those living in urban areas
• First Nations and Inuit populations face considerable housing adequacy issues, with 14.2% and 11.8% of homes, respectively, in need of major repairs compared to only 6.8% in the non-Indigenous population.
  –> rural Indigenous communities often lack access to funding and many homes are aging, and without sufficient resources, they fall into disrepair
• additionally, remote locations can make access to construction materials and skilled labor costly and challenging, leading to inadequate housing conditions.
• rural non-Indigenous population experiences much lower rates of housing issues across all categories (affordability, suitability, adequacy) compared to Indigenous groups
  –> non-Indigenous populations in rural areas often have better access to stable employment, financial resources, and infrastructure, reducing their overall housing challenges

Question 61

what is the National Housing Strategy (NHS) Act?

Answer 61

• recognizes adequate housing as fundamental a human right!!!!!
• commits the Federal government to make continual, measurable progress toward achieving adequate housing for all Canadians

Question 62

what is the National Occupancy Standard?

Answer 62

was created in the mid-1980s by the federal, provincial and territorial governments to provide a common reference point for “suitable” housing

• maximum of 2 persons per bedroom
• couples/parents must have a separate bedroom from children
• household members 5-18 y/o of the same sex may share a bedroom
• children under 5 of the opposite sex may share a bedroom

Question 63

How do housing conditions impact health/wellness at individual, family, and community levels?

Answer 63

1) individual level:
- poor ventilation increases risk of respiratory issues
- exposure to mold, pests, or lead can lead to chronic health conditions.
- overcrowding causes stress, anxiety, and potential sleep disturbances.
- temperature extremes in poorly insulated housing increase illness risks.

2) family Level:
- stress from financial strain related to high rent/mortgage
- overcrowding can limit privacy, increasing tension and family conflicts.
- poor housing conditions can contribute to poor school performance in children.

3) Community Level
- high-density poor-quality housing can strain local health services
- poor housing areas may be located near industrial zones, increasing exposure to pollutants, which can lead to health issues.
- low-quality housing may have limited access to amenities, such as parks, healthy food options etc.
- poor housing is linked to higher crime rates, creating an unsafe environment.

Question 64

what did the TedTalk by Dr. Marcia Anderson-DeCoteau speak on?

Answer 64

• she addresses the health disparities affecting Indigenous communities
• inequities are linked to historical and systemic issues, including colonialism, racism, and socio-economic challenges
• indigenous healing knowledge systems are often neglected and overlooked in mainstream healthcare
• she believes that health programs that are culture-based and use both western and Indigenous knowledge have the potential to be more responsive to Indigenous peoples and their rights than the status quo and could be the key to closing the gaps in Indigenous health.
• the talk calls for a more inclusive, equitable healthcare system that respects and incorporates Indigenous perspectives

Question 65

what are the 7 grandfather teachings?

Answer 65

• wisdom = knowledge based on lived experiences
• humility = being yourself, accountable, humble
• respect = everyones knowledge is treated equally, no judgement
• love = connection, kindness, sharing (like a family)
• bravery = revealing yourself and setting goals
• truth = true to yourself and principle
• honesty = accepts who they are and uses the gifts they have been given.

Question 66

how to best facilitate youth mental health, harm reduction, suicide prevention, health promotion?

Answer 66

1) Youth Mental Health:
- use a strengths-based Approach to focus on strengths and potential rather than deficits​
- integrate Indigenous traditions, ceremonies, and land-based practices to provide identity and belonging​

2) Harm Reduction:
- offer empathetic, non-judgmental support to minimize the negative impacts and stigma of risky behaviour
- provide information on safe behaviours, peer-led initiatives, and accessible resources​

3) Suicide Prevention:
- early intervention by identifying distress signals early and foster peer/adult support systems​
- use Elders’ teachings, spiritual support, and traditional practices to build identity and resilienc

4) Health Promotion:
- support mental, physical, spiritual, and emotional health with culturally relevant activities​ and healing practices
- promote holistic wellness through Indigenous cultural practices, such as ceremonies and connection to land​