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HE304 - Indigenous Health & Wellbeing > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what territories are Laurier’s campuses located on?

A
  • the shared traditional territory and ancestral lands of the Neutral, Anishinabee and Haudenosaunee peoples
  • the land is part of the Dish with One Spoon treaty between the Haudenosaunee and Anishnaabe peoples
  • Laurier is situated on block 2 of the Haldimand Tract, 6 miles on both sides of the Grand River
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2
Q

what are the closest reserve to Brantford campus?

A

1) Six Nations of the Grand River
2) Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nations

–> only 15 minutes away

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3
Q

how many indigenous people life in urban KW/Brantford areas?

A

KW = 10,000 Indigenous people
Brantford = 8000 Indigenous people

–> there are 18 first nation communities within 2.5 hour radius
–> there are 12 Metis councils within a 3 hour radius

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4
Q

why do we need to recognize the land?

A
  • recognizing the land is an expression of gratitude and appreciation to those whose territories you reside on
  • it is a way of honouring the Indigenous people who have been living and working on the land beyond living memory
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5
Q

what are the 6 Pillars of Brave Space?

A

1) vulnerability - help make space for deeper engagement with ourselves and others
2) perspective taking - our experiences shape our world view and we need to listen to others
3) lean into fear - take risks to experience or offer a learning opportunity
4) critical thinking - examining and evaluating our (and others), beliefs, action, assumptions and world views
5) examine intentions - thinking about the purpose of conversation or engaging in critical examinations
6) mindfulness - be in the moment with your intentions, without judgment

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6
Q

how to show vulnerability?

A
  • asking questions about things we don’t understand
  • sharing parts of our own stories to frame the context of our comments
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7
Q

how to take perspectives?

A
  • be curious abot peoples perspective (don’t judge)
  • listen to understand, not to listen to respond
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8
Q

how to lean into fear?

A
  • doing the thing that makes us nervous
  • don’t let fear hold us back (because you miss opportunity for change and growth)
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9
Q

how to think critically?

A
  • being open to the idea that our thoughts might be limited
  • do not take critiques as personal attacks (they’re a way to expand our thinking)
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10
Q

how to examine intentions?

A
  • ask yourself: is this for the purpose of advacing dialogue? what is the reason for my actions or words?
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11
Q

how to practice mindfulness?

A
  • slow down, pause before reacting
  • practice pillars 1-5
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12
Q

3 categories of social determinants of health

A

1) distal (indirectly affect health)
2) intermediate
3) proximal (directly affect health)

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13
Q

example of distal determinants of health

A

–> typically historic, political, social and economic

  • colonialism (Indian act, residential schoools)
  • racism
  • social exclusion
  • self-determination
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14
Q

example of intermediate determinant of health

A
  • health care systems
  • educational systems
  • community infrastructure, resources and capacities
  • cultural continuity
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15
Q

example of proximal determinants of health

A
  • physical environments
  • employment and income
  • health behaviours
  • food insecurity
  • education
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16
Q

3 groups that make up Indigenous people

A

1) first nations
2) inuit
3) metis

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17
Q

how to properly use the word Indigenous?

A
  • the word indigenous and a name of a specific group (i.e first nations) are NOT interchangeable
  • you should be as SPECIFIC as possible
  • remember: one inuk, many inuit
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18
Q

is aboriginal acceptable terminology?

A
  • the word is being replaced by indigenous
  • however, aboriginal is synonymous to indigenous
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19
Q

rules to speaking about Inidgenous people

A

1) be as specific as possible
2) if there are more than one community or people = use broader term of group (i.e First Nation, Inuit, Metis)
- if there are different groups, use the world indigenous
–> if you don’t know, then ask!
3) refrain from “Indian” or “Eskimo” as its derogetory
4) capitalize I in indigenous
5) Indigenous people of Canada NOT Canada’s Indigneous people

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20
Q

facts about First Nations in Canada

A
  • more than 1 million “registered Indians” in 2021
    –> this meaning they can access to certain programs and services provided under the Indian act
  • there are many First Nations people who are “non-status”
    –> this mean the federal government doesn’t recognize them as having “status”
  • over half of the Indigenous population in Canada is First Nation
  • DO NOT USE “INDIAN” to refer to First Nations
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21
Q

where are First Nations people located in Canada?

A
  • the largest and most varied Indigenous population in Canada
  • can be found coast, to coast, to coast
  • there are about 630+ First Nation communities located across all provinces and territories
22
Q

facts about Metis in Canada

A
  • are members of a Metis Nation (i.e Metis Nation of Ontario etc)
  • people are not considered to be a Metis citizen unless they are registered with a Nation
    –> this means that just because one has First Nations in their lineage, doesn’t make one Metis unless they have historic ties to Metis Homeland
  • they do not fall under the Indian Act
23
Q

where are Metis people located in Canada?

A
  • Metis communities were developed along fur trade routes
  • this was mostly across Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (but also smaller parts of ON, BC, NWT and US)
  • they are descendants of European (French and Scottish) and First Nations women = a distinct culture
24
Q

facts about Inuit people

A
  • used to be referred to as “Eskimos”
  • they speak Inuktitut (refers to all Inuit dialect)
  • they do not live on “reserves”
25
Q

where are Inuit people located in Canada?

A
  • they live largely north of the tree line (northern Canada) in Arctic regions
  • present across Canada, Greenland, Alaska and Russia
  • Have land claim agreements in 4 regions: Nunavik, Inuvialuit, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut
    –> covers 40% of Canada’s land mass
  • 69% of Inuit live in Nunangat
26
Q

do Indigenous people live in urban areas?

A

yes!!!
- over 50% of indigenous people in urban communities
- this is likely a gross under-estimation
–> typically to seek employment or educational opportunities (& a better life)

27
Q

what are treaties?

A
  • legal agreements and obligations between 2 or more nations (typically between the Government of Canada and Indigenous groups)
  • treaties outline terms, relationships and conditions of settlement in Indigenous territories
  • both settler and Indigenous nations have a responsibility for knowing and upholding the treaty obligations
  • treaty making preceded North American settlement (i.e occured amongst themselves)
28
Q

4 treaty examples

A

1) Peace and Friendship Treaties (1725-1779)
2) Douglas Treaties (1850-1854)
3) Numbered Treaties (1871-1921)
4) Modern Treaties

29
Q

what was the peace and friendship treaty?

A
  • occurred in the maritimes (in pre-confederation times)
  • indigenous people agreed to no hostility and to peacefully coexist with each other
  • had nothing to do with surrendering land
  • encouraged peaceful relations between First Nations and non-Aboriginal people.
  • British promised not to interfere with Indigenous hunting, fishing, and farming
30
Q

what was the Douglas treaty?

A
  • located in Vancouver Island (west coast)
  • a peaceful negotiation designed to secure land for a colony
  • treaty involved Indigenous people sharing part of their territories/land to allow settlement in exchange for material goods (mostly cash, clothing, and blankets).
  • “Douglas” is named after governor of colony, James Douglas, who is also the head of Hudson Bay Company
31
Q

what was the numbered treaty?

A
  • covered Northern Ontario to BC and Alberta
  • a series of 11 treaties made between the Canadian government and First Nations
  • non-mutual agreement to exchange land for rights and benefits with the government
  • the government was interested in certain land and resources
  • medicine and food were exchanged for land (especially during hardship) to ensure their community survived
  • many were leary of the treaty but they weren’t given an option
32
Q

what are the modern treaties?

A
  • there are 26 modern treaties with Indigenous groups in Canada, 18 of which contain self-government agreements
  • includes the negotiation of land for self-governance
33
Q

what does it mean to say that we are all treaty people in Canada?

A
  • we are all treaty people because we all live on treaty lands
  • treaties (agreements) are what our current society is founded on
    –> some are well enforced while others are not
  • treaties between settlers and Indigenous nations/groups were not uphold by settlers
    –> colonial governments ignored and implemented new things without choice
  • the benefits we have from living in Canada today are fundamentally connected to broken treaties and colonial thinking
34
Q

how does colonialism affect Indigenous people?

A
  • colonial thinking tried to erase Indigeneity, sometimes without regard for Indigenous lives and wellbeing
  • when you take away freedom, it inhibits a person to thrive in all facets of live (mental, physical, emotional etc)
35
Q

what/who is an ally

A
  • a person of one social identity group who stands up in support of members of another group
36
Q

sometimes allies aren’t actually allies….what do they do?

A
  • speak on behalf of the group they want to be an ally for and mute the voices of that group (offending them)
  • feel sorry for people in the group, causing them to feel helpless, victimized
  • see themselves are “saviors” that rescue people
  • are motivated by guilt or pity
  • identify as an ally to look progressive; earn “points” of favour or “wearing a badge”
  • see their role as being good listeners who are compassionate
37
Q

what is an accomplice?

A

a person who knowingly, voluntarily, or intentionally gives assistance to another

38
Q

what is the difference between an ally and accomplice

A
  • an ally is someone who says, “I am here for you”
  • an accomplice is someone who says, “I am here with you”
39
Q

what qualities define an effective accomplice in supporting Indigenous communities?

A
  • stand up for and advocate to shift perspectives (changing the way people on the outside view people inside the oppressed group)
  • dismantle colonialism and discrimination when observed (“Walk the talk” by addressing and changing power structures
  • listen to and honour the diverse cultural practices and dynamics within Indigenous communities.
  • build authentic relationships and hold each other accountable
  • avoid guilt or shame as motivators and are open about personal motivations
  • acknowledge their privileges and the challenges they may not experience.
  • speak up for the group without overshadowing their voices (do not take credit for their statements)
  • apologize when you make a mistake focusing on impact rather than intent
40
Q

what is a land acknowledgement?

A

a formal statement that recongizes the unique and enduring relationship that exists between Indigenous peoples and their traditional territories

41
Q

guidelines of land acknowledgements

A
  • is is not a check box
  • is should never be something you say on auto-pilot
  • it should be personal and sincere (not scripted)
  • if you’re travelling in an area you don’t know whose traditional and ancestral land you’re on then FIND OUT
  • begin presentations with a land acknowledgement
42
Q

why are land acknowledgements not written in past tense?

A
  • it is not historical
  • colonialism is a current, ongoing process
  • therefore, we must build our mindfulness of our present participation
43
Q

3 categories of “Indian”

A

1) status Indians
- are those who are registered under the Indian Act

2) non-status Indians
- generally speaking have two distinct qualities:
- (1) they lack status under the Indian Act
- (2) they have Indian heritage
–> in other words, they have lost their status or whose ancestors were never registered or who lost their status under former or current provisions of the Indian Act

3) treaty Indians
- are those who are members of a community whose ancestors signed a treaty with the Crown
- as a result, are entitled to treaty benefits

44
Q

how does the population of Indigenous and non-Indigenous differ?

A
  • there are a lot more Indigenous youth compared to non-Indigenous
  • there is a decrease in Indigenous population as they get older
  • due to numerous factors:
    –> lack of access to healthcare
    –> lack of clean water, nutrition or basic hygiene
    –> substance use, addiction + lack of programs
45
Q

what is the geographical distribution of First Nations?

A
  • not all First Nations live on a reserve
  • some tend to move to more urban centres
    –> better education systems
    –> work opportunities
    –> better housing and infrastructure
    –> access to resources, amenities, care
    –> affordable food and clean water
46
Q

how does the population distribution of Inuit and non-Indigenous compare?

A
  • there is significantly larger population of Inuit youth
  • there is a large drop-off in older Inuit adults = short life expectancy is very short
    –> less access to healthcare (reliant on medi-vac)
    –> medical intervention is not immediate (die before leaving)
    –> there is a language barrier = worse health outcomes due to lack of communication
47
Q

where do Inuit and Metis mostly live?

A
  • Metis are distributed all through Ontario and western provinces
    –> not so much in North and maritimes
  • Inuit are located more north in rural, remote areas
48
Q

what was the Indian Act?

A
  • gave the Canadian government the exclusive right to create legislation regarding status First Nation people
  • worked to take the “Indian” out of the child
  • The Indian Act included many colonial laws and policies that that aimed to eliminate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society.
  • Forced First Nations to absorb mainstream Canadian life and values
49
Q

what is Jordans Principle?

A
  • named for five-year-old Jordan River Anderson who died while provincial and federal governments tried to determine jurisdiction over his care
  • Jordan’s Principle is meant to ensure all Indigenous children living in Canada can access the health care and supports they need
50
Q

how did Sir John A MacDonald contradict the Royal Proclamation?

A
  • created new policies that offered Indigenous lands in the west to immigrant newcomers
  • Indigenous lands were also held in trust, to be least out to companies or sold off
    –> companies would use the land for some time but then would not be given back, or win good condition
51
Q

what were Indian hospitals?

A
  • hospitals used to segregate care between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people
  • an attempt protected Europeans from exposure to ‘Indian tuberculosis.’
  • care was extremely substandard
    –> shows that care for the health of Indigenous people was never a priority and never on par with the care available for Europeans.
52
Q

distribution of Indigenous youth in foster care

A
  • 52% of Indigenous children (15,000) are entered into foster care/child welfare
  • yet only approximately 8% of children 0-14 are Indigenous

HE304 - Indigenous Health & Wellbeing (3 decks)

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