Test 1 Flashcards
what territories are Laurier’s campuses located on?
- the shared traditional territory and ancestral lands of the Neutral, Anishinabee and Haudenosaunee peoples
- the land is part of the Dish with One Spoon treaty between the Haudenosaunee and Anishnaabe peoples
- Laurier is situated on block 2 of the Haldimand Tract, 6 miles on both sides of the Grand River
what are the closest reserve to Brantford campus?
1) Six Nations of the Grand River
2) Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nations
–> only 15 minutes away
how many indigenous people life in urban KW/Brantford areas?
KW = 10,000 Indigenous people
Brantford = 8000 Indigenous people
–> there are 18 first nation communities within 2.5 hour radius
–> there are 12 Metis councils within a 3 hour radius
why do we need to recognize the land?
- recognizing the land is an expression of gratitude and appreciation to those whose territories you reside on
- it is a way of honouring the Indigenous people who have been living and working on the land beyond living memory
what are the 6 Pillars of Brave Space?
1) vulnerability - help make space for deeper engagement with ourselves and others
2) perspective taking - our experiences shape our world view and we need to listen to others
3) lean into fear - take risks to experience or offer a learning opportunity
4) critical thinking - examining and evaluating our (and others), beliefs, action, assumptions and world views
5) examine intentions - thinking about the purpose of conversation or engaging in critical examinations
6) mindfulness - be in the moment with your intentions, without judgment
how to show vulnerability?
- asking questions about things we don’t understand
- sharing parts of our own stories to frame the context of our comments
how to take perspectives?
- be curious abot peoples perspective (don’t judge)
- listen to understand, not to listen to respond
how to lean into fear?
- doing the thing that makes us nervous
- don’t let fear hold us back (because you miss opportunity for change and growth)
how to think critically?
- being open to the idea that our thoughts might be limited
- do not take critiques as personal attacks (they’re a way to expand our thinking)
how to examine intentions?
- ask yourself: is this for the purpose of advacing dialogue? what is the reason for my actions or words?
how to practice mindfulness?
- slow down, pause before reacting
- practice pillars 1-5
3 categories of social determinants of health
1) distal (indirectly affect health)
2) intermediate
3) proximal (directly affect health)
example of distal determinants of health
–> typically historic, political, social and economic
- colonialism (Indian act, residential schoools)
- racism
- social exclusion
- self-determination
example of intermediate determinant of health
- health care systems
- educational systems
- community infrastructure, resources and capacities
- cultural continuity
example of proximal determinants of health
- physical environments
- employment and income
- health behaviours
- food insecurity
- education
3 groups that make up Indigenous people
1) first nations
2) inuit
3) metis
how to properly use the word Indigenous?
- the word indigenous and a name of a specific group (i.e first nations) are NOT interchangeable
- you should be as SPECIFIC as possible
- remember: one inuk, many inuit
is aboriginal acceptable terminology?
- the word is being replaced by indigenous
- however, aboriginal is synonymous to indigenous
rules to speaking about Inidgenous people
1) be as specific as possible
2) if there are more than one community or people = use broader term of group (i.e First Nation, Inuit, Metis)
- if there are different groups, use the world indigenous
–> if you don’t know, then ask!
3) refrain from “Indian” or “Eskimo” as its derogetory
4) capitalize I in indigenous
5) Indigenous people of Canada NOT Canada’s Indigneous people
facts about First Nations in Canada
- more than 1 million “registered Indians” in 2021
–> this meaning they can access to certain programs and services provided under the Indian act - there are many First Nations people who are “non-status”
–> this mean the federal government doesn’t recognize them as having “status” - over half of the Indigenous population in Canada is First Nation
- DO NOT USE “INDIAN” to refer to First Nations
where are First Nations people located in Canada?
- the largest and most varied Indigenous population in Canada
- can be found coast, to coast, to coast
- there are about 630+ First Nation communities located across all provinces and territories
facts about Metis in Canada
- are members of a Metis Nation (i.e Metis Nation of Ontario etc)
- people are not considered to be a Metis citizen unless they are registered with a Nation
–> this means that just because one has First Nations in their lineage, doesn’t make one Metis unless they have historic ties to Metis Homeland - they do not fall under the Indian Act
where are Metis people located in Canada?
- Metis communities were developed along fur trade routes
- this was mostly across Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (but also smaller parts of ON, BC, NWT and US)
- they are descendants of European (French and Scottish) and First Nations women = a distinct culture
facts about Inuit people
- used to be referred to as “Eskimos”
- they speak Inuktitut (refers to all Inuit dialect)
- they do not live on “reserves”
where are Inuit people located in Canada?
- they live largely north of the tree line (northern Canada) in Arctic regions
- present across Canada, Greenland, Alaska and Russia
- Have land claim agreements in 4 regions: Nunavik, Inuvialuit, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut
–> covers 40% of Canada’s land mass - 69% of Inuit live in Nunangat
do Indigenous people live in urban areas?
yes!!!
- over 50% of indigenous people in urban communities
- this is likely a gross under-estimation
–> typically to seek employment or educational opportunities (& a better life)
what are treaties?
- legal agreements and obligations between 2 or more nations (typically between the Government of Canada and Indigenous groups)
- treaties outline terms, relationships and conditions of settlement in Indigenous territories
- both settler and Indigenous nations have a responsibility for knowing and upholding the treaty obligations
- treaty making preceded North American settlement (i.e occured amongst themselves)
4 treaty examples
1) Peace and Friendship Treaties (1725-1779)
2) Douglas Treaties (1850-1854)
3) Numbered Treaties (1871-1921)
4) Modern Treaties
what was the peace and friendship treaty?
- occurred in the maritimes (in pre-confederation times)
- indigenous people agreed to no hostility and to peacefully coexist with each other
- had nothing to do with surrendering land
- encouraged peaceful relations between First Nations and non-Aboriginal people.
- British promised not to interfere with Indigenous hunting, fishing, and farming
what was the Douglas treaty?
- located in Vancouver Island (west coast)
- a peaceful negotiation designed to secure land for a colony
- treaty involved Indigenous people sharing part of their territories/land to allow settlement in exchange for material goods (mostly cash, clothing, and blankets).
- “Douglas” is named after governor of colony, James Douglas, who is also the head of Hudson Bay Company
what was the numbered treaty?
- covered Northern Ontario to BC and Alberta
- a series of 11 treaties made between the Canadian government and First Nations
- non-mutual agreement to exchange land for rights and benefits with the government
- the government was interested in certain land and resources
- medicine and food were exchanged for land (especially during hardship) to ensure their community survived
- many were leary of the treaty but they weren’t given an option
what are the modern treaties?
- there are 26 modern treaties with Indigenous groups in Canada, 18 of which contain self-government agreements
- includes the negotiation of land for self-governance
what does it mean to say that we are all treaty people in Canada?
- we are all treaty people because we all live on treaty lands
- treaties (agreements) are what our current society is founded on
–> some are well enforced while others are not - treaties between settlers and Indigenous nations/groups were not uphold by settlers
–> colonial governments ignored and implemented new things without choice - the benefits we have from living in Canada today are fundamentally connected to broken treaties and colonial thinking
how does colonialism affect Indigenous people?
- colonial thinking tried to erase Indigeneity, sometimes without regard for Indigenous lives and wellbeing
- when you take away freedom, it inhibits a person to thrive in all facets of live (mental, physical, emotional etc)
what/who is an ally
- a person of one social identity group who stands up in support of members of another group
sometimes allies aren’t actually allies….what do they do?
- speak on behalf of the group they want to be an ally for and mute the voices of that group (offending them)
- feel sorry for people in the group, causing them to feel helpless, victimized
- see themselves are “saviors” that rescue people
- are motivated by guilt or pity
- identify as an ally to look progressive; earn “points” of favour or “wearing a badge”
- see their role as being good listeners who are compassionate
what is an accomplice?
a person who knowingly, voluntarily, or intentionally gives assistance to another
what is the difference between an ally and accomplice
- an ally is someone who says, “I am here for you”
- an accomplice is someone who says, “I am here with you”
what qualities define an effective accomplice in supporting Indigenous communities?
- stand up for and advocate to shift perspectives (changing the way people on the outside view people inside the oppressed group)
- dismantle colonialism and discrimination when observed (“Walk the talk” by addressing and changing power structures
- listen to and honour the diverse cultural practices and dynamics within Indigenous communities.
- build authentic relationships and hold each other accountable
- avoid guilt or shame as motivators and are open about personal motivations
- acknowledge their privileges and the challenges they may not experience.
- speak up for the group without overshadowing their voices (do not take credit for their statements)
- apologize when you make a mistake focusing on impact rather than intent
what is a land acknowledgement?
a formal statement that recongizes the unique and enduring relationship that exists between Indigenous peoples and their traditional territories
guidelines of land acknowledgements
- is is not a check box
- is should never be something you say on auto-pilot
- it should be personal and sincere (not scripted)
- if you’re travelling in an area you don’t know whose traditional and ancestral land you’re on then FIND OUT
- begin presentations with a land acknowledgement
why are land acknowledgements not written in past tense?
- it is not historical
- colonialism is a current, ongoing process
- therefore, we must build our mindfulness of our present participation
3 categories of “Indian”
1) status Indians
- are those who are registered under the Indian Act
2) non-status Indians
- generally speaking have two distinct qualities:
- (1) they lack status under the Indian Act
- (2) they have Indian heritage
–> in other words, they have lost their status or whose ancestors were never registered or who lost their status under former or current provisions of the Indian Act
3) treaty Indians
- are those who are members of a community whose ancestors signed a treaty with the Crown
- as a result, are entitled to treaty benefits
how does the population of Indigenous and non-Indigenous differ?
- there are a lot more Indigenous youth compared to non-Indigenous
- there is a decrease in Indigenous population as they get older
- due to numerous factors:
–> lack of access to healthcare
–> lack of clean water, nutrition or basic hygiene
–> substance use, addiction + lack of programs
what is the geographical distribution of First Nations?
- not all First Nations live on a reserve
- some tend to move to more urban centres
–> better education systems
–> work opportunities
–> better housing and infrastructure
–> access to resources, amenities, care
–> affordable food and clean water
how does the population distribution of Inuit and non-Indigenous compare?
- there is significantly larger population of Inuit youth
- there is a large drop-off in older Inuit adults = short life expectancy is very short
–> less access to healthcare (reliant on medi-vac)
–> medical intervention is not immediate (die before leaving)
–> there is a language barrier = worse health outcomes due to lack of communication
where do Inuit and Metis mostly live?
- Metis are distributed all through Ontario and western provinces
–> not so much in North and maritimes - Inuit are located more north in rural, remote areas
what was the Indian Act?
- gave the Canadian government the exclusive right to create legislation regarding status First Nation people
- worked to take the “Indian” out of the child
- The Indian Act included many colonial laws and policies that that aimed to eliminate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society.
- Forced First Nations to absorb mainstream Canadian life and values
what is Jordans Principle?
- named for five-year-old Jordan River Anderson who died while provincial and federal governments tried to determine jurisdiction over his care
- Jordan’s Principle is meant to ensure all Indigenous children living in Canada can access the health care and supports they need
how did Sir John A MacDonald contradict the Royal Proclamation?
- created new policies that offered Indigenous lands in the west to immigrant newcomers
- Indigenous lands were also held in trust, to be least out to companies or sold off
–> companies would use the land for some time but then would not be given back, or win good condition
what were Indian hospitals?
- hospitals used to segregate care between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people
- an attempt protected Europeans from exposure to ‘Indian tuberculosis.’
- care was extremely substandard
–> shows that care for the health of Indigenous people was never a priority and never on par with the care available for Europeans.
distribution of Indigenous youth in foster care
- 52% of Indigenous children (15,000) are entered into foster care/child welfare
- yet only approximately 8% of children 0-14 are Indigenous
