Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what territories are Laurier’s campuses located on?
A
- the shared traditional territory and ancestral lands of the Neutral, Anishinabee and Haudenosaunee peoples
- the land is part of the Dish with One Spoon treaty between the Haudenosaunee and Anishnaabe peoples
- Laurier is situated on block 2 of the Haldimand Tract, 6 miles on both sides of the Grand River
2
Q
what are the closest reserve to Brantford campus?
A
1) Six Nations of the Grand River
2) Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nations
–> only 15 minutes away
3
Q
how many indigenous people life in urban KW/Brantford areas?
A
KW = 10,000 Indigenous people
Brantford = 8000 Indigenous people
–> there are 18 first nation communities within 2.5 hour radius
–> there are 12 Metis councils within a 3 hour radius
4
Q
why do we need to recognize the land?
A
- recognizing the land is an expression of gratitude and appreciation to those whose territories you reside on
- it is a way of honouring the Indigenous people who have been living and working on the land beyond living memory
5
Q
what are the 6 Pillars of Brave Space?
A
1) vulnerability - help make space for deeper engagement with ourselves and others
2) perspective taking - our experiences shape our world view and we need to listen to others
3) lean into fear - take risks to experience or offer a learning opportunity
4) critical thinking - examining and evaluating our (and others), beliefs, action, assumptions and world views
5) examine intentions - thinking about the purpose of conversation or engaging in critical examinations
6) mindfulness - be in the moment with your intentions, without judgment
6
Q
how to show vulnerability?
A
- asking questions about things we don’t understand
- sharing parts of our own stories to frame the context of our comments
7
Q
how to take perspectives?
A
- be curious abot peoples perspective (don’t judge)
- listen to understand, not to listen to respond
8
Q
how to lean into fear?
A
- doing the thing that makes us nervous
- don’t let fear hold us back (because you miss opportunity for change and growth)
9
Q
how to think critically?
A
- being open to the idea that our thoughts might be limited
- do not take critiques as personal attacks (they’re a way to expand our thinking)
10
Q
how to examine intentions?
A
- ask yourself: is this for the purpose of advacing dialogue? what is the reason for my actions or words?
11
Q
how to practice mindfulness?
A
- slow down, pause before reacting
- practice pillars 1-5
12
Q
3 categories of social determinants of health
A
1) distal (indirectly affect health)
2) intermediate
3) proximal (directly affect health)
13
Q
example of distal determinants of health
A
–> typically historic, political, social and economic
- colonialism (Indian act, residential schoools)
- racism
- social exclusion
- self-determination
14
Q
example of intermediate determinant of health
A
- health care systems
- educational systems
- community infrastructure, resources and capacities
- cultural continuity
15
Q
example of proximal determinants of health
A
- physical environments
- employment and income
- health behaviours
- food insecurity
- education
16
Q
3 groups that make up Indigenous people
A
1) first nations
2) inuit
3) metis
17
Q
how to properly use the word Indigenous?
A
- the word indigenous and a name of a specific group (i.e first nations) are NOT interchangeable
- you should be as SPECIFIC as possible
- remember: one inuk, many inuit
18
Q
is aboriginal acceptable terminology?
A
- the word is being replaced by indigenous
- however, aboriginal is synonymous to indigenous
19
Q
rules to speaking about Inidgenous people
A
1) be as specific as possible
2) if there are more than one community or people = use broader term of group (i.e First Nation, Inuit, Metis)
- if there are different groups, use the world indigenous
–> if you don’t know, then ask!
3) refrain from “Indian” or “Eskimo” as its derogetory
4) capitalize I in indigenous
5) Indigenous people of Canada NOT Canada’s Indigneous people
20
Q
facts about First Nations in Canada
A
- more than 1 million “registered Indians” in 2021
–> this meaning they can access to certain programs and services provided under the Indian act - there are many First Nations people who are “non-status”
–> this mean the federal government doesn’t recognize them as having “status” - over half of the Indigenous population in Canada is First Nation
- DO NOT USE “INDIAN” to refer to First Nations
21
Q
where are First Nations people located in Canada?
A
- the largest and most varied Indigenous population in Canada
- can be found coast, to coast, to coast
- there are about 630+ First Nation communities located across all provinces and territories
22
Q
facts about Metis in Canada
A
- are members of a Metis Nation (i.e Metis Nation of Ontario etc)
- people are not considered to be a Metis citizen unless they are registered with a Nation
–> this means that just because one has First Nations in their lineage, doesn’t make one Metis unless they have historic ties to Metis Homeland - they do not fall under the Indian Act
23
Q
where are Metis people located in Canada?
A
- Metis communities were developed along fur trade routes
- this was mostly across Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (but also smaller parts of ON, BC, NWT and US)
- they are descendants of European (French and Scottish) and First Nations women = a distinct culture
24
Q
facts about Inuit people
A
- used to be referred to as “Eskimos”
- they speak Inuktitut (refers to all Inuit dialect)
- they do not live on “reserves”
25
where are Inuit people located in Canada?
- they live largely north of the tree line (northern Canada) in Arctic regions
- present across Canada, Greenland, Alaska and Russia
- Have land claim agreements in 4 regions: Nunavik, Inuvialuit, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut
--> covers 40% of Canada’s land mass
- 69% of Inuit live in Nunangat
26
do Indigenous people live in urban areas?
yes!!!
- over 50% of indigenous people in urban communities
- this is likely a gross under-estimation
--> typically to seek employment or educational opportunities (& a better life)
27
what are treaties?
- legal agreements and obligations between 2 or more nations (typically between the Government of Canada and Indigenous groups)
- treaties outline terms, relationships and conditions of settlement in Indigenous territories
- both settler and Indigenous nations have a responsibility for knowing and upholding the treaty obligations
- treaty making preceded North American settlement (i.e occured amongst themselves)
28
4 treaty examples
1) Peace and Friendship Treaties (1725-1779)
2) Douglas Treaties (1850-1854)
3) Numbered Treaties (1871-1921)
4) Modern Treaties
29
what was the peace and friendship treaty?
- occurred in the maritimes (in pre-confederation times)
- indigenous people agreed to no hostility and to peacefully coexist with each other
- had nothing to do with surrendering land
- encouraged peaceful relations between First Nations and non-Aboriginal people.
- British promised not to interfere with Indigenous hunting, fishing, and farming
30
what was the Douglas treaty?
- located in Vancouver Island (west coast)
- a peaceful negotiation designed to secure land for a colony
- treaty involved Indigenous people sharing part of their territories/land to allow settlement in exchange for material goods (mostly cash, clothing, and blankets).
- "Douglas" is named after governor of colony, James Douglas, who is also the head of Hudson Bay Company
31
what was the numbered treaty?
- covered Northern Ontario to BC and Alberta
- a series of 11 treaties made between the Canadian government and First Nations
- non-mutual agreement to exchange land for rights and benefits with the government
- the government was interested in certain land and resources
- medicine and food were exchanged for land (especially during hardship) to ensure their community survived
- many were leary of the treaty but they weren't given an option
32
what are the modern treaties?
- there are 26 modern treaties with Indigenous groups in Canada, 18 of which contain self-government agreements
- includes the negotiation of land for self-governance
33
what does it mean to say that we are all treaty people in Canada?
- we are all treaty people because we all live on treaty lands
- treaties (agreements) are what our current society is founded on
--> some are well enforced while others are not
- treaties between settlers and Indigenous nations/groups were not uphold by settlers
--> colonial governments ignored and implemented new things without choice
- the benefits we have from living in Canada today are fundamentally connected to broken treaties and colonial thinking
34
how does colonialism affect Indigenous people?
- colonial thinking tried to erase Indigeneity, sometimes without regard for Indigenous lives and wellbeing
- when you take away freedom, it inhibits a person to thrive in all facets of live (mental, physical, emotional etc)
35
what/who is an ally
- a person of one social identity group who stands up in support of members of another group
36
sometimes allies aren't actually allies....what do they do?
- speak on behalf of the group they want to be an ally for and mute the voices of that group (offending them)
- feel sorry for people in the group, causing them to feel helpless, victimized
- see themselves are "saviors" that rescue people
- are motivated by guilt or pity
- identify as an ally to look progressive; earn "points" of favour or "wearing a badge"
- see their role as being good listeners who are compassionate
37
what is an accomplice?
a person who knowingly, voluntarily, or intentionally gives assistance to another
38
what is the difference between an ally and accomplice
- an ally is someone who says, “I am here for you”
- an accomplice is someone who says, “I am here with you"
39
what qualities define an effective accomplice in supporting Indigenous communities?
- stand up for and advocate to shift perspectives (changing the way people on the outside view people inside the oppressed group)
- dismantle colonialism and discrimination when observed ("Walk the talk" by addressing and changing power structures
- listen to and honour the diverse cultural practices and dynamics within Indigenous communities.
- build authentic relationships and hold each other accountable
- avoid guilt or shame as motivators and are open about personal motivations
- acknowledge their privileges and the challenges they may not experience.
- speak up for the group without overshadowing their voices (do not take credit for their statements)
- apologize when you make a mistake focusing on impact rather than intent
40
what is a land acknowledgement?
a formal statement that recongizes the unique and enduring relationship that exists between Indigenous peoples and their traditional territories
41
guidelines of land acknowledgements
- is is not a check box
- is should never be something you say on auto-pilot
- it should be personal and sincere (not scripted)
- if you're travelling in an area you don't know whose traditional and ancestral land you're on then FIND OUT
- begin presentations with a land acknowledgement
42
why are land acknowledgements not written in past tense?
- it is not historical
- colonialism is a current, ongoing process
- therefore, we must build our mindfulness of our present participation
43
3 categories of "Indian"
1) status Indians
- are those who are registered under the Indian Act
2) non-status Indians
- generally speaking have two distinct qualities:
- (1) they lack status under the Indian Act
- (2) they have Indian heritage
--> in other words, they have lost their status or whose ancestors were never registered or who lost their status under former or current provisions of the Indian Act
3) treaty Indians
- are those who are members of a community whose ancestors signed a treaty with the Crown
- as a result, are entitled to treaty benefits
44
how does the population of Indigenous and non-Indigenous differ?
- there are a lot more Indigenous youth compared to non-Indigenous
- there is a decrease in Indigenous population as they get older
- due to numerous factors:
--> lack of access to healthcare
--> lack of clean water, nutrition or basic hygiene
--> substance use, addiction + lack of programs
45
what is the geographical distribution of First Nations?
- not all First Nations live on a reserve
- some tend to move to more urban centres
--> better education systems
--> work opportunities
--> better housing and infrastructure
--> access to resources, amenities, care
--> affordable food and clean water
46
how does the population distribution of Inuit and non-Indigenous compare?
- there is significantly larger population of Inuit youth
- there is a large drop-off in older Inuit adults = short life expectancy is very short
--> less access to healthcare (reliant on medi-vac)
--> medical intervention is not immediate (die before leaving)
--> there is a language barrier = worse health outcomes due to lack of communication
47
where do Inuit and Metis mostly live?
- Metis are distributed all through Ontario and western provinces
--> not so much in North and maritimes
- Inuit are located more north in rural, remote areas
48
what was the Indian Act?
- gave the Canadian government the exclusive right to create legislation regarding status First Nation people
- worked to take the "Indian" out of the child
- The Indian Act included many colonial laws and policies that that aimed to eliminate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society.
- Forced First Nations to absorb mainstream Canadian life and values
49
what is Jordans Principle?
- named for five-year-old Jordan River Anderson who died while provincial and federal governments tried to determine jurisdiction over his care
- Jordan’s Principle is meant to ensure all Indigenous children living in Canada can access the health care and supports they need
50
how did Sir John A MacDonald contradict the Royal Proclamation?
- created new policies that offered Indigenous lands in the west to immigrant newcomers
- Indigenous lands were also held in trust, to be least out to companies or sold off
--> companies would use the land for some time but then would not be given back, or win good condition
51
what were Indian hospitals?
- hospitals used to segregate care between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people
- an attempt protected Europeans from exposure to 'Indian tuberculosis.'
- care was extremely substandard
--> shows that care for the health of Indigenous people was never a priority and never on par with the care available for Europeans.
52
distribution of Indigenous youth in foster care
- 52% of Indigenous children (15,000) are entered into foster care/child welfare
- yet only approximately 8% of children 0-14 are Indigenous
