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test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fexothermic

A

energy is released into surroundings as heat
less potential energy

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2
Q

endothermic

A

energy is taken up/absorbed
high potential energy

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3
Q

exergonic

A

high potential energy for a product
free energy in the beggining
spontaneously happening
ends up with a low energy product
ball falls down hill

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4
Q

endergonic

A

nonspontaneous action because it requires energy
low free energy
high energy product
push ball up hill

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5
Q

energetic coupling

A

energy produced by one reaction is used to drive another reaction

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6
Q

oxidation

A

when a molecule loses an electron

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7
Q

reduction

A

when an molecule gains electrons

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8
Q

phosphorylation

A

attaching a phosphate group to a molecule or ion

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9
Q

stomata

A

tiny openings on the epidermis of leaves
gas exchange by opening and closing pores in leaves

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10
Q

homologous

A

relatedness of two chromosome pairs (one from mom, one from dad)

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11
Q

sister chromatids

A

chromatids attached at the centromere

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12
Q

what dictates how strong a covalent bond is in context of how long the bond it is ?

A

longer=weaker
shorter= stronger

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13
Q

is exergonic spontaneous or nonspontaneous

A

spontaneous

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14
Q

is endergonic spontaneous or nonspontaneous

A

nonspontaneous

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15
Q

what reactions have lower energy products

A

exergonic

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16
Q

what reactions have higher energy products

A

endergonic

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17
Q

what reaction drives/catalyzes the other

A

spontaneous exergonic reactions release energy that is used to catalyze non-spontaneous endergonic reactions

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18
Q

when NAD+ converts to NADH, is NAD+ being reduced or oxidized, is NADH low or high energy product

A

reduced
high energy product

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19
Q

what determines if a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar

A

how strong/weak the bond is
- weaker bonds= nonpolar
-stronger bonds=polar

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20
Q

is there more or less potential energy in weaker bonds

A

more

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21
Q

The amount of chemical energy in a covalent bond is based on

A

Position of shared electrons
Distance from positive charges in nuclei (protons)

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22
Q

what does it mean if electrons are shared down the middle

A

a weak bond

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23
Q

how does phosphorylation catalyze reactions in an enzyme

A

phosphorylation causes a change shape in an enzyme
- energy released and phosphate group causes a change in the proteins shape to carry out endergonic reactions
-using released energy, we attach a phosphate group to the enzyme to activate it

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24
Q

what goes in glycolysis

A

glucose, atp, and NAD+

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25
Q

what goes out glycolysis

A

pryuvate, NADH, H+,ATP

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26
Q

What regulates glycolysis

A

NAD+, ATP, and glucose

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27
Q

what goes in pyruvate oxidation

A

pryuvate and NAD+

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28
Q

what goes out pyruvate oxidation

A

NADH, acetyl coA, c02

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29
Q

what regulates pyruvate oxidation

A

NAD+ and pyruvate

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30
Q

what goes in the Krebs cycle

A

acetyl coA, NAD+, FAD

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31
Q

what goes out the Krebs cycle

A

NADH, FADH2, C02, ATP

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32
Q

what regulates the Krebs cycle

A

acetyl coA, NAD+, FAD

33
Q

what goes in the ETC

A

NADH, FADH2, H2, 02

34
Q

what comes out the ETC

A

ATP, H20, NAD+, FAD

35
Q

what is being oxidized in glycolysis

A

1 glucose molecule is oxidized to 2 pyruvate

36
Q

what’s being reduced in glycolysis

A

2 NAD+ are being reduced to NADH

37
Q

what would happen in the ETC if oxygen was not available

A
38
Q

what compounds need to be recycled from the ETC/oxidative phosphorylation step so the previous steps in respiration can run

A

ETC needs to recycle NAD+ and FAD back to the krebs cycle

39
Q

what stages are c02 biproducts released from

A

krebs cycle
pyruvate oxidation

40
Q

why are leaves green

A

because chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects green

41
Q

what does chlorophyll a reflect and absorb

A

absorbs blue and red wavelengths and reflects green and yellow

42
Q

how is respiration linked to photosynthesis?

A

with glucose and oxygen

43
Q

how is it that respiration cannot take place without the products of photosynthesis?

A

respiration cannot take place without photosynthesis because photosynthesis creates glucose and oxygen and glucose fuels respiration

44
Q

why are carbs the quickest source of energy for respiration

A

glycogen is easily and quickly broken down into glucose

45
Q

what is the exact state of our dna during interphase

A

2n

46
Q

do we have maternal and paternal copies of each chromosome?

A

yes

47
Q

what does it mean to be 2n

A

each chromosome is duplicated, so we in total have 46 chromosomes

48
Q

how does lactic acid formation keep producing minimal amounts of atp

A

Lactic acid fermentation uses the electrons in NADH to generate lactic acid from pyruvate, which allows glycolysis to continue and thus a smaller amount of ATP can be generated by the cell.

49
Q

facts on why carbs are the quickest sources of energy

A

glycogen is easily and quickly broken down into glucose
requires more steps to break down fats and proteins (However, fats (triglycerides) must be broken down in a longer processes to make pyruvate from glycerol, or fatty acids to make Acetyl CoA)

50
Q

photosystem 2 sequence

A
  1. photon is absorbed by chlorophyll
  2. vibration energy is passed to the rest chlorophyll in the light harvested complex
  3. vibration energy is passed to the p680
  4. 1 e- from p680 is lost because of the vibration energy
  5. lose e- from p680 is donated to electron carrier pq
  6. e- from one molecule of h20 is passed to p680 so it becomes stable and the whole process repeats again. the biproduct is 02.
51
Q

in photosystem 1, what replaces the lost e-

A

the e- from the electron carrier

52
Q

what is the major product from photosystem 1

A

NADPH

53
Q

what happens with fd in photosystem 1

A

Fd” from light reaction center carries the electron to the enzyme NADP+ reductase so it can reduce NADP+ + H+ to NADPH (a high energy electron carrier)

54
Q

when would oxygen release be the highest in plants, how does this relate to photosynthesis?

A

day because they release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis
don’t relase oxygen at night because they are not photosynthesizing

55
Q

prophase

A

DNA had just completed replication, 4n
The spindle apparatus forms (microtubules growing from centrioles)
Connected sister chromatids condense

56
Q

prometaphase

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down
Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochores
Structures that form at the centromere
Two form on opposite sides of each chromosome
Chromosomes are being pushed and pulled by microtubules until they approach the middle of the spindle

57
Q

metaphase

A

Formation of the mitotic spindle is completed
Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate—an imaginary plane between the two spindle poles
Each chromosome is held by kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles

58
Q
A
59
Q

anaphase

A

Cohesions holding sister chromatids together split
Sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell
Two forces pull chromosomes apart:
Microtubules connected to kinetochore shrink
Motor proteins of the polar microtubules push the two poles of the cell away from each other

60
Q

what is the process behind how mitosis is regulated via cyclin

A

once there is enough cyclin, cyclin binds to cdk which catalyzes phosphorylation of other proteins to start the m phase

61
Q

benign tumor

A

are not invasive, do not spread to the rest of the body

62
Q

malignant tumor

A

divide and spread to adjacent tissues and to distant tissues through lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

63
Q

where does the light dependent reactions take place

A

thylakoid

64
Q

where does the light independent reactions take place

A

stroma

65
Q

what are the inputs for light dependent reactions

A

h20, light, NADP+, and ADP

66
Q

what are the outputs for light dependent reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, and 02

67
Q

what are the inputs for light independent reactions

A

ATP, NADPH

68
Q

outputs for light independent reactions

A

glucose

69
Q

light dependent reactions

A

thylakoid reactions, uses light, h20, NADP+, and ADP to make ATP, NADPH, and 02

70
Q

light independent reaction

A

carbon fixation reactions, located in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to reduce c02 to glucose

71
Q

somatic cells

A

non sex cell types

72
Q

what must of happened if cell is 4n

A

it would be 4n because its duplicated its homologous chromosome (2n) with DNA replication and is about to split into 2 cells

73
Q

how does the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis catalyze the formation of atp

A

releasing energy from breaking down c-c and c-h bonds catalyzes adding a phosphate group to adp to make atp

74
Q

fermentation

A

no oxygen present, we use more oxygen than we take in

75
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

76
Q

feedback inhibition

A

When an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited
By the final product of that pathway

77
Q

g1

A

cell size adequate
nutrient sufficient
dna undanaged
growth factors present

78
Q

g2

A

chromosomes have replicated
cyclin concentragtion is high
dna is undamaged

79
Q

m phase

A

chromosomes attached to appartus spindle
chromosomes segregated
and MPF activated

bio 1 (4 decks)

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