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test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

fexothermic

A

energy is released into surroundings as heat
less potential energy

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2
Q

endothermic

A

energy is taken up/absorbed
high potential energy

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3
Q

exergonic

A

high potential energy for a product
free energy in the beggining
spontaneously happening
ends up with a low energy product
ball falls down hill

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4
Q

endergonic

A

nonspontaneous action because it requires energy
low free energy
high energy product
push ball up hill

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5
Q

energetic coupling

A

energy produced by one reaction is used to drive another reaction

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6
Q

oxidation

A

when a molecule loses an electron

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7
Q

reduction

A

when an molecule gains electrons

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8
Q

phosphorylation

A

attaching a phosphate group to a molecule or ion

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9
Q

stomata

A

tiny openings on the epidermis of leaves
gas exchange by opening and closing pores in leaves

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10
Q

homologous

A

relatedness of two chromosome pairs (one from mom, one from dad)

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11
Q

sister chromatids

A

chromatids attached at the centromere

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12
Q

what dictates how strong a covalent bond is in context of how long the bond it is ?

A

longer=weaker
shorter= stronger

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13
Q

is exergonic spontaneous or nonspontaneous

A

spontaneous

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14
Q

is endergonic spontaneous or nonspontaneous

A

nonspontaneous

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15
Q

what reactions have lower energy products

A

exergonic

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16
Q

what reactions have higher energy products

A

endergonic

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17
Q

what reaction drives/catalyzes the other

A

spontaneous exergonic reactions release energy that is used to catalyze non-spontaneous endergonic reactions

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18
Q

when NAD+ converts to NADH, is NAD+ being reduced or oxidized, is NADH low or high energy product

A

reduced
high energy product

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19
Q

what determines if a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar

A

how strong/weak the bond is
- weaker bonds= nonpolar
-stronger bonds=polar

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20
Q

is there more or less potential energy in weaker bonds

A

more

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21
Q

The amount of chemical energy in a covalent bond is based on

A

Position of shared electrons
Distance from positive charges in nuclei (protons)

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22
Q

what does it mean if electrons are shared down the middle

A

a weak bond

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23
Q

how does phosphorylation catalyze reactions in an enzyme

A

phosphorylation causes a change shape in an enzyme
- energy released and phosphate group causes a change in the proteins shape to carry out endergonic reactions
-using released energy, we attach a phosphate group to the enzyme to activate it

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24
Q

what goes in glycolysis

A

glucose, atp, and NAD+

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25
what goes out glycolysis
pryuvate, NADH, H+,ATP
26
What regulates glycolysis
NAD+, ATP, and glucose
27
what goes in pyruvate oxidation
pryuvate and NAD+
28
what goes out pyruvate oxidation
NADH, acetyl coA, c02
29
what regulates pyruvate oxidation
NAD+ and pyruvate
30
what goes in the Krebs cycle
acetyl coA, NAD+, FAD
31
what goes out the Krebs cycle
NADH, FADH2, C02, ATP
32
what regulates the Krebs cycle
acetyl coA, NAD+, FAD
33
what goes in the ETC
NADH, FADH2, H2, 02
34
what comes out the ETC
ATP, H20, NAD+, FAD
35
what is being oxidized in glycolysis
1 glucose molecule is oxidized to 2 pyruvate
36
what's being reduced in glycolysis
2 NAD+ are being reduced to NADH
37
what would happen in the ETC if oxygen was not available
38
what compounds need to be recycled from the ETC/oxidative phosphorylation step so the previous steps in respiration can run
ETC needs to recycle NAD+ and FAD back to the krebs cycle
39
what stages are c02 biproducts released from
krebs cycle pyruvate oxidation
40
why are leaves green
because chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects green
41
what does chlorophyll a reflect and absorb
absorbs blue and red wavelengths and reflects green and yellow
42
how is respiration linked to photosynthesis?
with glucose and oxygen
43
how is it that respiration cannot take place without the products of photosynthesis?
respiration cannot take place without photosynthesis because photosynthesis creates glucose and oxygen and glucose fuels respiration
44
why are carbs the quickest source of energy for respiration
glycogen is easily and quickly broken down into glucose
45
what is the exact state of our dna during interphase
2n
46
do we have maternal and paternal copies of each chromosome?
yes
47
what does it mean to be 2n
each chromosome is duplicated, so we in total have 46 chromosomes
48
how does lactic acid formation keep producing minimal amounts of atp
Lactic acid fermentation uses the electrons in NADH to generate lactic acid from pyruvate, which allows glycolysis to continue and thus a smaller amount of ATP can be generated by the cell.
49
facts on why carbs are the quickest sources of energy
glycogen is easily and quickly broken down into glucose requires more steps to break down fats and proteins (However, fats (triglycerides) must be broken down in a longer processes to make pyruvate from glycerol, or fatty acids to make Acetyl CoA)
50
photosystem 2 sequence
1. photon is absorbed by chlorophyll 2. vibration energy is passed to the rest chlorophyll in the light harvested complex 3. vibration energy is passed to the p680 4. 1 e- from p680 is lost because of the vibration energy 5. lose e- from p680 is donated to electron carrier pq 6. e- from one molecule of h20 is passed to p680 so it becomes stable and the whole process repeats again. the biproduct is 02.
51
in photosystem 1, what replaces the lost e-
the e- from the electron carrier
52
what is the major product from photosystem 1
NADPH
53
what happens with fd in photosystem 1
Fd” from light reaction center carries the electron to the enzyme NADP+ reductase so it can reduce NADP+ + H+ to NADPH (a high energy electron carrier)
54
when would oxygen release be the highest in plants, how does this relate to photosynthesis?
day because they release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis don't relase oxygen at night because they are not photosynthesizing
55
prophase
DNA had just completed replication, 4n The spindle apparatus forms (microtubules growing from centrioles) Connected sister chromatids condense
56
prometaphase
The nuclear envelope breaks down Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochores Structures that form at the centromere Two form on opposite sides of each chromosome Chromosomes are being pushed and pulled by microtubules until they approach the middle of the spindle
57
metaphase
Formation of the mitotic spindle is completed Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate—an imaginary plane between the two spindle poles Each chromosome is held by kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles
58
59
anaphase
Cohesions holding sister chromatids together split Sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell Two forces pull chromosomes apart: Microtubules connected to kinetochore shrink Motor proteins of the polar microtubules push the two poles of the cell away from each other
60
what is the process behind how mitosis is regulated via cyclin
once there is enough cyclin, cyclin binds to cdk which catalyzes phosphorylation of other proteins to start the m phase
61
benign tumor
are not invasive, do not spread to the rest of the body
62
malignant tumor
divide and spread to adjacent tissues and to distant tissues through lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
63
where does the light dependent reactions take place
thylakoid
64
where does the light independent reactions take place
stroma
65
what are the inputs for light dependent reactions
h20, light, NADP+, and ADP
66
what are the outputs for light dependent reactions
ATP, NADPH, and 02
67
what are the inputs for light independent reactions
ATP, NADPH
68
outputs for light independent reactions
glucose
69
light dependent reactions
thylakoid reactions, uses light, h20, NADP+, and ADP to make ATP, NADPH, and 02
70
light independent reaction
carbon fixation reactions, located in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to reduce c02 to glucose
71
somatic cells
non sex cell types
72
what must of happened if cell is 4n
it would be 4n because its duplicated its homologous chromosome (2n) with DNA replication and is about to split into 2 cells
73
how does the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis catalyze the formation of atp
releasing energy from breaking down c-c and c-h bonds catalyzes adding a phosphate group to adp to make atp
74
fermentation
no oxygen present, we use more oxygen than we take in
75
oxidative phosphorylation
cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
76
feedback inhibition
When an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited By the final product of that pathway
77
g1
cell size adequate nutrient sufficient dna undanaged growth factors present
78
g2
chromosomes have replicated cyclin concentragtion is high dna is undamaged
79
m phase
chromosomes attached to appartus spindle chromosomes segregated and MPF activated

bio 1 (4 decks)

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