final exam

Question 1

speciation

Answer 1

when segments in a
population diverge so far over time it creates a
new species

Question 2

fitness

Answer 2

The ability of an individual to
produce offspring

Question 3

adaptation

Answer 3

A trait that increases the fitness of
an individual in a particular
environment

Question 4

chromosomes

Answer 4

molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or
DNA

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

a prediction followed by a casual statement that can be tested

Question 6

prediction

Answer 6

a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a
hypothesis is valid

Question 7

theory

Answer 7

an explanation for a
very general class of phenomena
or observations that are
supported by a wide body of
evidence

Question 8

What determines if a molecule is polar, nonpolar, or ionic.

Answer 8

electronegativity

Question 9

independent variable

Answer 9

Variable that has an effect on
another variable of interest

Question 10

dependent variable

Answer 10

response variable

Question 11

control group

Answer 11

Baseline treatment that has no manipulation, mimics what happens in nature

Question 12

experimental group

Answer 12

group that is manipulated

Question 13

when would you use a scatter plot vs a bar graph

Answer 13

scatter plot: When both the
dependent and
independent
variables are
continuous data
(data are numbers
that can be any
value)
bar graph:When the dependent variable is continuous but the
independent variable is categorical data.

Question 14

What do error bars on a bar chart represent exactly

Answer 14

display the chances of uncertainty in our data

Question 15

atomic number

Answer 15

number of protons in the nucleus of
any atom

Question 16

atomic mass

Answer 16

number of
protons plus number of neutrons
Average of all the masses of the
naturally occurring isotopes based on
their abundance

Question 17

cation

Answer 17

an atom that loses an electron and
becomes positively charged

Question 18

anion

Answer 18

an atom that gains an electron and
becomes negatively charged

Question 19

isotope

Question 20

electronegativity

Answer 20

the tendency of an atom to attract
electrons toward itsel

Question 21

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 21

Electrons are evenly shared
between two atoms
The bond is symmetrical

Question 22

polar covalent bond

Answer 22

Electrons are shared unevenly

Question 23

evaporation

Answer 23

Light energy from the sun
quickly heats up a body of water

Question 24

What type of bond is the strongest between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen? Why?

Answer 24

Covalent
Caused by nonmetals sharing e- with other nonmetals to achieve valence in outer shell.

Question 25

Recognize the common acids and bases we talked about in lecture: Which one (acid or base) donates a H+? Which one (acid or base) accepts a H+?

Answer 25

acids donate protons to bases bases accept protons from acids

Question 26

How do hydrophilic compounds dissolve in water? What types of bonds are responsible for disassociation?

Answer 26

Hydrogen bonding makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water

Question 27

Why don’t hydrophobic compounds dissolve in water? What happens to water molecules in this scenario?

Answer 27

Compounds rich in C bonded to H are nonpolar, don’t carry a charge, thus they repel water molecules and they don’t dissolve.

Question 28

organic compounds

Answer 28

molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements

Question 29

What is the trait that distinguishes one amino acid from the other?

Answer 29

r group

Question 30

peptide

Answer 30

A chain of fewer than 50 amino acids

Question 31

polypeptide

Answer 31

A chain of more than 50 amino acids

Question 32

purine

Answer 32

contain nine atoms in their two rings (A and G)

Question 33

Pyrimidines

Answer 33

contain six atoms in their one ring (C,U,T)

Question 34

When a protein is needed to be manufactured are ALL chromosomes unpacked or just the specific chromosome with the gene necessary for the protein?

Answer 34

all chromosomes are unpacked

Question 35

What is the RNA hairpin structure?

Answer 35

single stranded, (A-U) (G-C), forms hydrogen bonds

Question 36

condensation reaction

Answer 36

produces h20

Question 37

DNA structure

Answer 37

double bonded

Question 38

is RNA or DNA more stable

Answer 38

rna is less stable and more reactive

Question 39

polysaccharide

Answer 39

many sugar large polymers

Question 40

monosaccharide

Answer 40

one sugar monomers

Question 41

Study the basic monosaccharide structure. How many carbonyl groups are present? Can there be only one or several hydroxyls and carbon-hydrogen bonds existing on a monosaccharide?

Answer 41

contains one carbonyl group there can be many hydroxyl and carbon-hydrogen bonds on a monosaccharide

Question 42

glucose

Answer 42

aldose, 6 carbon

Question 43

galactose

Answer 43

aldose, 6 carbon

Question 44

frutose

Answer 44

ketose, 6 carbon

Question 45

ribose

Answer 45

aldose, 5 carbon

Question 46

Is lactose alpha or beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage? What does that mean in accordance with if the OH is facing up or down on the 1’ carbon on the monosaccharide sugars.

Answer 46

Beta 1,4 linkage (beta galactose and beta glucose) OH group is facing down

Question 47

Amylose

Answer 47

unbranched starch with only α-1,4-glycosidic linkages

Question 48

Amylopectin

Answer 48

alpha 1,4 helix with some alpha-1,6- glycosidic linkages

Question 49

glycogen

Answer 49

Stored in liver and muscle cells * Can be broken into glucose monomers for energy * Highly branched 1,4 - glucose polymer, nearly identical to starch, no helix

Question 50

Cellulose

Answer 50

Forms a protective layer around plant cells called the cell wall * Made of β-glucose monomers joined by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages

Question 51

Which two monosaccharide sugars are involved with this linkage in lactose

Answer 51

galactose and glucose (beta galactose and beta glucose)

Question 52

glycogen and cellulose

Answer 52

cellulose- beta 1,4 linkages, linear glycogen- alpha 1,4 linkages, highly branched

Question 53

are hydrocarbons polar or non-polar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 53

hydrophobic nonpolar

Question 54

Glycoproteins

Answer 54

carbohydrates attached to proteins

Question 55

Glycolipids

Answer 55

carbohydrates attached to lipids

Question 56

Why do cell membranes form the way the do, ending up with a phospholipid bilayer? Specifically, what part of the phospholipid is polar and what part is non-polar and how does that dictate the structure of the phospholipid bilayer that we know of

Answer 56

head-polar= outward tails-nonpolar=inward

Question 57

Which features are common to ALL living cells (whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic)?

Answer 57

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nuclear region

Question 58

Be able to list each of the 5 steps in the receptor-mediated endocytosis involving lysosomes.

Answer 58

1. Particles bind to specific receptors on the plasma membrane, other than diffusing in sometimes via carrier proteins 2. Plasma membrane pinches off to form a vesicle 3.Vesicle fuses with an early endosome 4.Early endosome matures into a late endosome as Acid hydrolases (enzymes that work best in acid pH’s) are dropped off, making it a lysosome as the particle is broken down 5. Receptor recycled, sent back to cell membrane

Question 59

Lysosomes

Answer 59

are recycling centers found only in animal cells

Question 60

What is the “oar” in the scenario, and the “water”? Is ATP used to catalyze this reaction?

Answer 60

Myosin as an oar and Actin as water Myosin “oar” goes from the “cocked” position to the “active stroke” using ATP This slides the Actin in one direction

Question 61

Intermediate filaments

Answer 61

hold things in place inside the cell, ancor the chromosomes

Question 62

Microtubules

Answer 62

Are involved in movement * Separate chromosomes during cell division * Serve as “railroad tracks” for vesicle transport

Question 63

integrin

Answer 63

helps connect the cell’s cytoskeleton to ecm

Question 64

Know the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids