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final exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

speciation

A

when segments in a
population diverge so far over time it creates a
new species

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2
Q

fitness

A

The ability of an individual to
produce offspring

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3
Q

adaptation

A

A trait that increases the fitness of
an individual in a particular
environment

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or
DNA

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5
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction followed by a casual statement that can be tested

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6
Q

prediction

A

a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a
hypothesis is valid

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7
Q

theory

A

an explanation for a
very general class of phenomena
or observations that are
supported by a wide body of
evidence

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8
Q

What determines if a molecule is polar, nonpolar, or ionic.

A

electronegativity

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9
Q

independent variable

A

Variable that has an effect on
another variable of interest

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10
Q

dependent variable

A

response variable

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11
Q

control group

A

Baseline treatment that has no manipulation, mimics what happens in nature

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12
Q

experimental group

A

group that is manipulated

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13
Q

when would you use a scatter plot vs a bar graph

A

scatter plot: When both the
dependent and
independent
variables are
continuous data
(data are numbers
that can be any
value)
bar graph:When the dependent variable is continuous but the
independent variable is categorical data.

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14
Q

What do error bars on a bar chart represent exactly

A

display the chances of uncertainty in our data

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15
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of
any atom

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16
Q

atomic mass

A

number of
protons plus number of neutrons
Average of all the masses of the
naturally occurring isotopes based on
their abundance

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17
Q

cation

A

an atom that loses an electron and
becomes positively charged

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18
Q

anion

A

an atom that gains an electron and
becomes negatively charged

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19
Q

isotope

A
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20
Q

electronegativity

A

the tendency of an atom to attract
electrons toward itsel

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21
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

Electrons are evenly shared
between two atoms
The bond is symmetrical

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22
Q

polar covalent bond

A

Electrons are shared unevenly

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23
Q

evaporation

A

Light energy from the sun
quickly heats up a body of water

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24
Q

What type of bond is the strongest between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen? Why?

A

Covalent
Caused by nonmetals sharing e- with other nonmetals to achieve valence in outer shell.

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25
Q

Recognize the common acids and bases we talked about in lecture: Which one (acid or base)
donates a H+? Which one (acid or base) accepts a H+?

A

acids donate protons to bases
bases accept protons from acids

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26
Q

How do hydrophilic compounds dissolve in water? What types of bonds are responsible for
disassociation?

A

Hydrogen bonding makes it possible
for almost any charged or polar
molecule to dissolve in water

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27
Q

Why don’t hydrophobic compounds dissolve in water? What happens to water molecules in
this scenario?

A

Compounds rich in C bonded to H are nonpolar, don’t carry
a charge, thus they repel water molecules and
they don’t dissolve.

28
Q

organic compounds

A

molecules that contain carbon bonded to
other elements

29
Q

What is the trait that distinguishes one amino acid from the other?

A

r group

30
Q

peptide

A

A chain of fewer than 50 amino acids

31
Q

polypeptide

A

A chain of more than 50 amino acids

32
Q

purine

A

contain nine atoms in their two
rings (A and G)

33
Q

Pyrimidines

A

contain six atoms in their
one ring (C,U,T)

34
Q

When a
protein is needed to be manufactured are ALL chromosomes unpacked or just the specific
chromosome with the gene necessary for the protein?

A

all chromosomes are unpacked

35
Q

What is the RNA hairpin structure?

A

single stranded, (A-U) (G-C), forms hydrogen bonds

36
Q

condensation reaction

A

produces h20

37
Q

DNA structure

A

double bonded

38
Q

is RNA or DNA more stable

A

rna is less stable and more reactive

39
Q

polysaccharide

A

many sugar large polymers

40
Q

monosaccharide

A

one sugar monomers

41
Q

Study the basic monosaccharide structure. How many carbonyl groups are present? Can there be
only one or several hydroxyls and carbon-hydrogen bonds existing on a monosaccharide?

A

contains one carbonyl group
there can be many hydroxyl and carbon-hydrogen bonds on a monosaccharide

42
Q

glucose

A

aldose, 6 carbon

43
Q

galactose

A

aldose, 6 carbon

44
Q

frutose

A

ketose, 6 carbon

45
Q

ribose

A

aldose, 5 carbon

46
Q

Is lactose
alpha or beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage? What does that mean in accordance with if the OH is facing up or down on the 1’ carbon on the monosaccharide sugars.

A

Beta 1,4 linkage (beta galactose
and beta glucose)
OH group is facing down

47
Q

Amylose

A

unbranched starch
with only α-1,4-glycosidic
linkages

48
Q

Amylopectin

A

alpha 1,4
helix with some alpha-1,6-
glycosidic linkages

49
Q

glycogen

A

Stored in liver and muscle
cells
* Can be broken into glucose
monomers for energy
* Highly branched 1,4 -
glucose polymer, nearly
identical to starch, no helix

50
Q

Cellulose

A

Forms a protective layer around
plant cells called the cell wall
* Made of β-glucose monomers joined
by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages

51
Q

Which two monosaccharide sugars
are involved with this linkage in lactose

A

galactose and glucose
(beta galactose
and beta glucose)

52
Q

glycogen and cellulose

A

cellulose- beta 1,4 linkages, linear
glycogen- alpha 1,4 linkages, highly branched

53
Q

are hydrocarbons polar or non-polar?
Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic
nonpolar

54
Q

Glycoproteins

A

carbohydrates attached
to proteins

55
Q

Glycolipids

A

carbohydrates attached to
lipids

56
Q

Why do cell membranes form the way the do, ending up with a phospholipid bilayer?
Specifically, what part of the phospholipid is polar and what part is non-polar and how does that
dictate the structure of the phospholipid bilayer that we know of

A

head-polar= outward
tails-nonpolar=inward

57
Q

Which features are common to ALL living cells (whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic)?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nuclear region

58
Q

Be able to list each of the 5 steps in the receptor-mediated endocytosis involving lysosomes.

A
  1. Particles bind to specific receptors on
    the plasma membrane, other than
    diffusing in sometimes via carrier
    proteins
  2. Plasma membrane pinches off to form
    a vesicle
    3.Vesicle fuses with an early endosome
    4.Early endosome matures into a late
    endosome as Acid hydrolases (enzymes
    that work best in acid pH’s) are dropped
    off, making it a lysosome as the particle is broken down
  3. Receptor recycled, sent back to cell
    membrane
59
Q

Lysosomes

A

are recycling
centers found only in animal
cells

60
Q

What is the “oar” in the scenario, and the “water”? Is ATP
used to catalyze this reaction?

A

Myosin as an oar and Actin as water
Myosin “oar” goes from the “cocked”
position to the “active stroke” using ATP
This slides the Actin in one direction

61
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

hold things in place inside the cell, ancor the chromosomes

62
Q

Microtubules

A

Are involved in
movement
* Separate
chromosomes during
cell division
* Serve as “railroad
tracks” for vesicle
transport

63
Q

integrin

A

helps connect the cell’s cytoskeleton to ecm

64
Q

Know the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids

A
65
Q
A

bio 1 (4 decks)

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