Test 3 Flashcards

Question

What are the demographic treads of this age group? What do we see happening? How does it affect health care?

Answer 1

``` Americans are living longer than ever before • Good nutrition can retard and ease the aging process in many significant ways • Proportion of elderly is increasing dramatically • Health care demands will increase ```

Answer 2

National Goals for Health Promotion • Healthy People 2020 focus areas for older adults – • Reduce prevalence and number of people suffering from chronic diseases • Increase number receiving pneumonia and influenza vaccinations and colorectal screening • Increase daily physical activity and cardiovascular health • HP 2010 final report – there was little or no progress in most objectives

Answer 3

``` Born between 1946 and 1964 • Almost one-third of U.S. population • General characteristics: • Have the power to change the marketplace • Make decisions based on personal beliefs • Are constantly pressed for time • Look for value and quality in their investments • Will not age gracefully • Like nostalgia ```

Answer 4

Found in both public and private sectors • Nutritional goals: • To help consumers select diets providing enough energy to maintain healthful weight • Meet recommended intakes for all nutrients • Low in solid and trans fat, added sugars, sodium, cholesterol, and alcohol • Adequate in whole grains and fiber

Answer 5

``` Expanded Food and Nutrition Program (EFNP) • FDA and USDA public education campaign on food labels and food safety • Family Nutrition Program • National Cholesterol Education Program • DASH - High Blood Pressure Education Program • Fruits and Veggies: More Matters • The WOMAN Challenge ```

Answer 6

``` Functional capacity declines in almost every organ system • Changes in absorption of nutrients • Chronic diseases • Physiological, psychological, environmental, socioeconomic factors ```

Answer 7

Several major recommendations are related to the value of nutrition services • Strategies to improve care and broaden access to nutrition services for older adults are supported • Recommend that nutrition services and nutrition counseling and education be included throughout health care services

Answer 8

Malnutrition • Poverty • Living alone • Medications interfering with nutrient absorption • Daily Activities • Increasing difficulty with daily activities • Activities of daily living (ADLs) – self-care functions • Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) – require higher level of functioning

Answer 9

``` Developed by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Academy of Family Physicians, and National Council on Aging • Primary products of this cooperative effort were screening tools designed to be used by the older person and health professionals ```

Answer 10

``` Anthropometric measures • Clinical assessment • Biochemical assessment • Dietary assessment • Functional assessment • Medication assessment • Social assessment ```

Answer 11

General assistance programs • Nutrition programs of USDA • Nutrition programs of DHHS • The Older Americans Act Nutrition Program • Private-sector nutrition assistance programs • Nutrition education and health promotion programs for older adults

Answer 12

Prepare for old age early in life • Learn to reach out to others to forestall loneliness • Develop skills or activities that can continue in later years • Develop the habit of adjusting to change • Arrive at maturity with as healthy a mind and body as possible

Answer 13

problem of poverty • Food is available but not accessible to the poor who don’t have land or money • 16% of the developing world’s population suffer from chronic undernutrition • Found in countries that can neither produce enough food nor earn enough to import it • Nearly 25% of the world’s population suffers some form of malnutrition

Answer 14

``` Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) – most widespread form of malnutrition in the world • Consists of: • Kwashiorkor – inadequate protein intake • Marasmus – inadequate food intake (starvation) ```

Answer 15

Inadequate weight gain during pregnancy • Low birthweight • Children are stunted • Higher infant and under-5 mortality rate

Answer 16

Direct health-related expenses • Lost productivity and income • Stunted physical and mental development – reduced lifetime earnings

Answer 17

``` Colonialism – removal of raw materials for industrial use International trade and debt – high import costs and low export profits • Multinational corporations – hire local people at low wages to grow export crops Overpopulation • High birth rates in low-income countries • Population growth threatens world’ s capacity to produce adequate food • Distribution of resources ```

Answer 18

``` Overpopulation • High birth rates in low-income countries • Population growth threatens world’ s capacity to produce adequate food • Distribution of resources • Distributed unequally between rich and poor within nations and between nations • Poor nations must gain access to land, capital, water, technology, knowledge Agricultural technology • Labor-intensive methods • Biotechnology, GM foods • Sustainable development • Accelerated soil erosion • Need crop rotation • Need to manage agricultural resources ```

Answer 19

``` Growth monitoring • Oral rehydration therapy • Promotion of breastfeeding • Timely and appropriate complementary feeding • Immunizations ```

Answer 20

Women with their children represent the majority of those living in poverty • Development projects frequently overlook women’s needs • Women play a vital role in the well-being of their nation’s people

Answer 21

``` Basic strategies for women’ s programs: • Removing barriers to financial credit • Access to time-saving technologies • Appropriate training for self-reliance • Teaching management and marketing skills • Making health and day care services available • Forming women’s support groups • Information and technology for planned pregnancies ```

Answer 22

``` Emphasis in developing countries: • Breastfeeding promotion programs, appropriate weaning foods • Nutrition education programs • Food fortification and/or nutrient supplements • Special feeding programs for vulnerable groups • Grass roots progress in improving agriculture, water, education, health services ```

Answer 23

``` Daily struggle for survival in developing countries Pandemic of HIV/AIDS Trend toward urbanization • Rapid population growth Destruction of global environment • Challenges of global aging ```

Answer 24

Work with others who have similar interests • Follow current hunger-related legislation • Write and telephone local and national political representatives • Encourage and give monetary support to your church, synagogue, mosque to support outreach feeding efforts Resources - use only what we need • Choose a diet at level of necessity • Personal lifestyles do matter • Ending hunger is a moral imperative for everyone

Answer 25

``` Need to understand behavior of target population • Must have tools or strategies to influence behavior • Is targeted at a nutrition-related problem ```

Answer 26

``` Behavior change theories and models: • Provide evidence-based methods or strategies • Target changes in attitudes and beliefs • Target behavior change • Improved understanding of why and how intervention strategies work – better client outcomes ```

Answer 27

``` Nutrition education – formal process to impart knowledge to a group or individual • Social marketing – approach to promote healthy behaviors using marketing techniques • Nutrition counseling – collaborative activity between counselor and client ```

Answer 28

Precontemplation – individual unaware of or not interested in making a change • Contemplation – individual is thinking about making a change within the near future • Preparation – individual actively decides to change and plans a change very soon • Action – individual is trying to make the desired change and has been working at it for less than 6 months • Maintenance – individual sustains change for six months or longer

Answer 29

Builds upon client-centered counseling • RULE Principles: • Resist urge to confront client about need to change • Understand – proceed in nonjudgmental way • Listen – express empathy • Empower – support self-efficacy

Answer 30

``` Three components for adopting a new health behavior: • the perception of a threat to health • expectation of certain outcomes related to a behavior – benefits • self-efficacy – the belief that one can make a behavior change to produce outcomes ```

Answer 31

An individual’ s intention to change behavior is determined by both personal attitudes toward the new behavior and perception of social pressure to change the behavior • A person is more likely to adopt a new health behavior if he/she believes that the new behavior will lead to mostly positive outcomes and that other people important to him/her think that the behavior should be adopted Weight control program-surveyed participants beased on intentions • Paired participants with those successful in the past • Combined Health Belief and Theory of Planned Behavior • Osteoporosis intervention – increased calcium intake in participants

Answer 32

An individual’s confidence and ability to perform a behavior and his perception of outcome will influence his effort • Focuses on target behaviors rather than knowledge and attitudes Used telephone-based intervention to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and beans • Used concepts of environment, behavioral capabilities, expectations, self-efficacy, reinforcement

Answer 33

Based on assumption that all behavior is learned • Behavior is directly related to internal and external factors • Patients are taught to use behavioral strategies Diabetes Prevention Program – intensive lifestyle modification program based upon cognitive behavioral theory • Lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than drug therapy in reducing incidence of diabetes

Answer 34

The process by which an innovation spreads within a population • Four stages: • Knowledge – individual has acquired information and is aware of innovation • Persuasion – individual forms attitude in favor of or against innovation • Decision – individual performs activities leading to either adopting or rejecting innovation • Confirmation – individual looks for reinforcement for decision and may change if exposed to counter-reinforcing messages Innovators – adopt innovation readily, perceive themselves as popular, are financially privileged • Early adopters – opinion leaders, well respected by peers • Early majority – cautious • Late majority – skeptical, adopt innovation only through peer pressure • Laggards – last to adopt idea