LAST COMMUNITY TEST EVAR!!!! hopefully... Flashcards
What is learning? Why do we need to think about how others learn?
Learning is a change in a person as a result
of experience or the interaction of a person
with his or her environment. to teach effectively
Behavioral learning theories
- Behaviors caused by external events/stimuli
- Teacher arranges external environment
- Rewards & punishment shape behaviors
- Internal mental states not important
explanations of learning based of observable changes in behavior
Positive reinforcers vs. negative reinforcers vs. punishers
positive = rewards negative = strenthen behaviors, escape from negative punishers = weaken, bad things
Extinction
weakening to ending of behavior
Shaping
Giving positive reinforcement for the correct portion and altering the rest
Timing of reinforcement
Schedule the reinforcement with client
• Early on, reinforce immediately & often
• Later, use intermittent reinforcement
Social Cognitive Theory
People learn form others’ successes/failures
• Observing others affects one’s learning
• Models should be admired & similar
• Professionals need to be good role models
• Children model after parents’ eating
Table 10-1
behavioral- find out what reinforcers are valued
social- be good role model
Learning- identify preferences for styles
adult- self directed,
Cognititve- explore prior knowledge, ask questions
Cognitive theories
Focus on internal, unobservable mental processes
• Example: thinking, problem solving
• Learning is an active, not passive, process
• People pursue goals & information
• Prior knowledge influences learning &
remembering
Table 10-2
Pic
Memory (short-term/working vs. long-term)
Past information is stored in memory
• Build on learner’s frame of reference
• If no frame exists, help learner create one
• Prior experience can be reorganized
Information retained for 5 to 20 seconds
• Repeat it several times to remember
• Group individual bits of information
• Make associations with long-term memory
• Give written information as well
Find out what person knows already
• Relate new information to what is known
• Integrate new with stored information
• Meaningful information retained better
• Visual plus verbal messages retained better
What is transfer of learning? How can we use it?
Learning enhanced if in actual/simulated
situation
• Use examples of the range of problems
• Transfer of learning is not automatic
Andragogy (difference between adult and child learners)
Adult learners differ from children
• Adults become aware of a need to know
• Adults are self-directed, not dependent
• Expanding experiences are a resource for
learning
• Readiness to learn is based on social roles
• Learning is problem centered, not subject
centered
• Learning is present oriented, not future
oriented
• Adult motivation is internal, not external
• Professional is a facilitator or change agent
Learning styles
• People have preferred ways of studying/learning
– Learn by reading
– Prefer hands-on (tactile learners)
– Visual learners
– Learn by listening (auditory learners)
– Learn alone or in groups
Teaching styles
The sum of what the teacher does • Example: methods, activities, organization, interaction • Many teach as they were taught • Are you an expert or facilitator?
Diffusion of Innovations (what is it and what are the 5 stages in the innovation-decision process?)
• Process by which adults adopt new ideas or practices 1. Knowledge of the innovation 2. Persuasion 3. Decision to adopt or reject 4.Implementation of new idea 5. Confirmation of decision
Technology learning tools
pc laptop cell phone
Environment (psychological vs. physical)
Supportive, friendly, caring • Tolerance for mistakes • Respect for others • Collaboration/encourage questions • Informal atmosphere
Temperature, lighting, ventilation
• Comfortable chairs in circle
• Ability to see & hear
Steps to effective education
- Needs assessment
- Performance objectives (domains of learning)
- Educational Content (learning plans & learning groups)
- Methods and techniques, ect. (lectures, discussion, simulation, demonstration, visual & Table
12-1 and Figure 12-1) - Learning experiences
- Evaluation (purpose, types, data collection techniques, terms reliability & validity)
- Documentation
- Assess learning needs of individual/group
(preassessment) - Write performance objectives in three
domains of learning (cognitive, affective, &
psychomotor) - Determine content based on assessment &
objectives
4.Select methods, techniques, materials, &
resources - Implement learning (intervention) & allow
practice
6.Evaluate progress & outcomes
(postassessment)
7.Document outcomes & results
Lesson plans
Summary information about instruction • Preassessment/needs assessment • Performance objectives • Content outline (introduction, body, conclusion) • Sequence of content Activities to reach objectives • Techniques/methods of instruction • Educational materials, visuals • Facilities; time allotted • Method to evaluate results/outcomes • References
Sequencing instruction
Progressive development of knowledge,additives,and skills
Learning takes place over time
Box 12-1
Lecture is easy and effiecent,conveys most info but learner is passive and may be dull
Discussion is more interesting and has active participation but learner may be unprepared or shy
Projects are more motivating but size limited
Labs are experiencial learning but requires space
Simulation requires critical thinking but is time consuming
Demstratiin is realistic in visual image but requires equipment
Preparing an effective presentation (analysis of what 3 things?)
. Introduction (5–10 minutes) • Create interest • Describe how topic meets needs • Provide data & scope of problem • Outline learning objectives Body of presentation • Present data, details, documentation, & sources • Use visuals & handouts • Plan participative experiences • Audience expected to do something at the end Summary (5–10 minutes) • Verbal clue of ending (e.g., In conclusion…) • Provide take-home message • Review learning objectives • Allow time for questions • Bring business cards
3 components of an effective presentation
Intro bidy conclusion
Implementing an effective presentation (visuals, delivery, environment, voice, gestures, appearance)
audience connection-worthy n knowledgable
Implementing an effective presentation (visuals, delivery, environment, voice, gestures, appearance)
U just saw dis beeetch
Benefits of visual media
Enhances delivery of message
Enhances learning and retention
More interesting
Planning and using visual media
Copyright permission
Multiple formats
Know the principles we talked about in class
d
Kinds of visual media
Bulletin boards
Charts
Posters
Why is a team approach beneficial when working with groups?
Team approach is superior – Members more likely to cooperate – Promotes harmony & less resistance – Cost effective & efficient – Manager is a facilitator
What are some of the responsibilities and characteristics of an effective team leader?
- Do not dominate
- Motivate members to focus on team goals
- Problems are resolved by discussion
- Members communicate openly & frankly
- Members feel committed to team decisions
How do we get a group to work cohesively?
Members are loyal & congenial • Members talk in terms of “we” • Members work together toward common goals • Feelings of belonging & acceptance found Self-esteem increases • Members feel committed to decisions • New employees change the dynamics
How can a manager become an effective facilitator?
Understand value of group decision making
• Function to help group get started
• Establish group climate
• Guide & support group
Functions of the facilitator.
Initiating • Information/opinion seeking • Clarifying • Coordinating • Orienting • Supporting • Harmonizing • Relieving tension • Gatekeeping
Advantages of group participation in decision making?
All members hear information together • Interpersonal relationship problems are solved • Motivation can be enhanced • Resistance to change is reduced • There is greater commitment to changes • Synergy can occur
