test 1

Question 1

Definition of community

Answer 1

- a grouping of people 
residing in a specific locality who 
interact and connect through a definite 
social structure to fulfill a wide range of 
daily needs 
four components: people, a location in 
space, social interaction, shared values

Question 2

Definition of people

Answer 2

– Individuals who will benefit from

community nutrition programs

Question 3

definition of policy

Answer 3

Course of action chosen by public
authorities to address a given problem,
accomplished through laws, regulations, and
programs

Question 4

definition of programs

Answer 4

– Instruments used to seek
behavior changes that improve nutritional
status and health

Question 5

What is community nutrition

Answer 5

a discipline that strives to prevent disease and improve the health, nutrition and well-being of individuals and groups within communities

Question 6

public health

Answer 6

Focuses on protecting, promoting, and
restoring peoples’ health through
applications of science, practical skills,
and collective actions
• Scope includes infectious diseases and
chronic diseases
• Increased emphasis on preventive health
measures

Question 7

top leading causes of death in the us compared to the world

Answer 7

Cancer, Heart disease, stroke

chd, stroke, lower respiratory disease

Question 8

what is health

Answer 8

A state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being …… not merely the absence
of disease

Question 9

What is good health

Answer 9

There are a host of biologic,
environmental, and lifestyle factors that
affect health

Question 10

know some of the determinants of health

Answer 10

biology(sex, race,age)
Lifestyle
Living,working,social conditions
community conditions
background conditions

Question 11

ways of promoting good health

Answer 11

Focuses on lifestyle (behavior) 
change to work toward optimum 
health
• A health promotion activity is called 
an intervention, which focuses on 
promoting health and preventing 
disease.

Question 12

what is an intervention

Answer 12

a health promotion activity aimed at changing the behavior of a target audience

Question 13

types of prevention and examples

Answer 13

• primary prevention – preventing disease
by controlling risk factors
• secondary prevention – detecting disease
early through screening and other forms
of risk appraisal
• tertiary prevention – treat and rehabilitate
people with illness or injury

Question 14

health objectives where do they come from

Answer 14

Include international goals
• the goal of the world community is to 
“protect and promote the health of all 
people of the world”
• Require political will and public 
support

Question 15

goals of healthy people 2020

Answer 15

Eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death
• Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve
the health of all groups
• Create social and physical environments that promote
good health for all
• Promote healthy development and healthy behaviors
across every stage of life

Question 16

how does healthy people collect data

Answer 16

surveillance and data- tracking systems

Question 17

Community nutritionist vs public health nutritionist

Answer 17

Community nutritionists have a solid background in the nutrition sciences
Public health nutrition - communitybased programs conducted by a
government agency whose official
mandate is the delivery of health
services to individuals living in a
particular area

Question 18

Entrepreneur vs intrapreneur

Answer 18

Entrepreneur - is an enterpriser, innovator,
initiator, promoter, and coordinator
• Intrapreneur - the corporate employee who
is creative and innovative

Question 19

trends

Answer 19

An Aging Population
• Generational Diversity
• Increasing Demands for Nutrition 
and Health Care Services
• Increasing Ethnic Diversity

Question 20

steps of needs assessment

Answer 20

Step 1 - Define Nutritional problem
Step 2 - set the parameters of the assessment
Step 3 - collect data
Step 4 - analyze and interpret the data
Step 5 - share findings of the assessment
Step 6 - set priorites
Step 7 - choose plan of action

Question 21

steps that are part of planning

Answer 21

Key findings shared with community leaders
• Advocate for change
• Make information available to the public
• Develop new program or pilot intervention

Question 22

data collection where does it come from

Answer 22

Cnmap brfss and other data acquiring systems

Question 23

purpose of a needs assessment

Answer 23

Describes nutrition-related problems that exist in the
community
• Indicates the felt or perceived needs of the community and
its desire for a solution
• Establishes priorities and identifies resources that exist to
deal with the problem

Question 24

goals vs objectives

Answer 24

goals - broad statements of what an activity or program is expected accomplish

objectives - statements of outcomes and activities need to reach a goal

Question 25

who is the target population

Answer 25

the population that is the focus of an assessment, study or intervention

Question 26

qualitative vs quantitive

Answer 26

qualitative data - data that describe or explain are considered subjective and can be categorized or ranked but not quantified quantitative data - numerical data that can be measured and considered objective

Question 27

key informants

Answer 27

people who are in the know about the community and whose opinions and insights can direct the needs assessments

Question 28

stakeholders

Answer 28

people who have a vested interest in identifying and addressing the nutritional problem

Question 29

steps to assess nutritional status

Answer 29

1. Make a plan for collecting data Helps to determine what questions to askTypes of Data to Collect Individual Lifestyle Factors Lifestyle – physical activity, leisure activities, smoking habits, use of alcohol or drugs 3. Methods of Obtaining Data Survey – telephone, questionnaires, in-person interviews 4. Issues in Data Collection Practical issues

Question 30

steps that are part of planning

Answer 30

Step 1 – review purpose, goals, and objectives of needs assessment Step 2 – develop a set of questions related to target population’s nutritional problem, how it developed, and/or factors that influence it Step 3 – choose a method for obtaining answers to these questions

Question 31

data collection where it come from

Answer 31

literature, reviewing existing programs and internet resources

Question 32

sensitivity vs specificty

Answer 32

Sensitivity – proportion of individuals with the disease or condition Specificity – proportion without the disease or condition

Question 33

validity vs reliability

Answer 33

Validity – “accuracy” of assessing instrument Reliability – repeatability or precision

Question 34

cultural shit

Answer 34

Appropriate and inappropriate behaviors Survey questions must be culturally appropriate

Question 35

nutrition assessment

Answer 35

find out

Question 36

putting it all together

Answer 36

After data are collected: Analyze using acceptable statistical methods Choose reference data for comparison Statements drawn from analysis and interpretation are organized and added to final report of community assessment

Question 37

review definitions

Answer 37

do dat shit

Question 38

what trigger program planning

Answer 38

Results of the community needs assessment Mandate from an organization’s national office or from a federal agency Research findings Community leader or coalition Availability of funding for new programs Government policy

Question 39

steps in program planning

Answer 39

Step 1: Review results of community needs assessment Provides information about target population’s nutritional problem or need Step 2: Define program goals and objectives Step 3: Develop a Program Plan Step 4: Develop a Management System Step 5: Identify Funding Sources Funding may be in place for initial staffing and planning phase Step 6: Implement the Program Putting the program into effect – action phase of planning process Step 7 - evaluate elements and effectiveness

Question 40

Outcome vs. process vs. structure objectives

Answer 40

Outcome objectives – measurable changes in health or nutritional outcome Process objectives – measurable activities carried out by team members of program Structure objectives – measurable activities surrounding budget, staffing, management, resources, coordination

Question 41

Levels of intervention and examples of each level & groups

Answer 41

Level I: Building awareness (health fairs) Change attitudes and beliefs, increase knowledge of risk factors, seldom results in behavior change Level II: Changing lifestyles (1+1 counseling) Successful with small changes over time, using combination of behavior modification and education Level III: Creating supportive environment for change (peer leadership) Create environments that support behavior changes made by individuals

Question 42

What is part of the management system?

Answer 42

Personnel structure – employees responsible for overseeing program and determining whether it meets objectives Data systems – manner in which data about clients, use of program, and outcome measures are recorded and analyzed Calculating management costs of program Direct costs – salaries and wages, materials, travel, expenses Indirect costs – office rental, utilities, janitorial

Question 43

whats up da funding yo

Answer 43

Funding may be in place for initial staffing and planning phase May have to rely on extramural funding for program activities and interventions – grant writing

Question 44

Inputs to outputs

Answer 44

time, money, resources - to results

Question 45

Implementation of the program & what can enhance participation

Answer 45

Putting the program into effect – action phase of planning process Observe program delivery; consider ways to improve Enhancing program participation Understand target population Use evaluation research to improve program Use incentives for participating Build ownership Promote program

Question 46

Evaluation methods and reasons

Answer 46

Why evaluation is necessary Helps managers make decisions about operations of program Determines progress toward goals and objectives and whether goals are still appropriate To ensure that program resources are being used properly How evaluation findings are used To influence executive or politician with authority to distribute resources or shape policy To alert managers and policy makers to the need for expanding or refining programs Reasons for undertaking evaluations Evaluation to improve your program Evaluation to justify your program or show accountability Evaluation to document your program in general

Question 47

Formative vs. process vs. impact vs. outcome vs. structure vs. fiscal evaluations

Answer 47

Formative evaluation - testing and assessing program elements before implementing Process evaluation - examining program activities and how program is delivered Impact evaluation - determining whether and to what extent a program accomplished its goals Outcome evaluation – measuring whether program changed overall health status of target population Structure evaluation – evaluating personnel and environmental factors related to program delivery Fiscal evaluation – how outcomes compare with costs Cost-benefit analysis Cost-effectiveness analysis

Question 48

Define epidemiology & epidemiologist

Answer 48

Epidemiology Initially used to investigate, control, and prevent epidemics of infectious disease Current definition:Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and the control of health problems Surveillance methods have been used to monitor preventable causes of birth defects By using vital statistics, can calculate an individual’s risk of dying before a certain age

Question 49

vital statistics

Answer 49

figures pertainins to life events such as births, deaths and marriages

Question 50

risk and risk factors

Answer 50

Risk – likelihood of individuals exposed to risk factors developing a particular health problem risk factors - vclinically important sings associated with an increased likelihood of an event occuring

Question 51

Incidence vs. prevalence

Answer 51

Incidence – proportion of a population that develops a disease over time Prevalence – proportion of a group possessing a disease at a specific time

Question 52

Epidemiological method

Answer 52

1. Observing 2. Counting cases or events 3. Relating cases or events to the population at risk 4. Making comparisons 5. Developing the hypothesis 6. Testing the hypothesis 7. Drawing scientific inferences 8. Conducting experimental studies 9. Intervening and evaluating

Question 53

ways of explaining research objectives

Answer 53

Bias- the observation is incorrect because a systematic error was intorduced selection - from patients or subjects selection measurement - from observation or measrement confounding bias- the presence of another variable Chance - observation is incorrent becuase of a randomerror Truth - observation is correct

Question 54

Types of studies

Answer 54

Ecological or correlational studies Compare disease rates with per capita consumption of specific food components Cross-sectional or prevalence studies “Snapshot” of a population – comparing dietary intake, disease, other variables in a population at one time Cohort or incidence studies A group of people are followed over time to see who develops a particular disease and what risks they have been exposed to Case-control studies Comparing a group with a disease with a group that does not have it Controlled trials Compare intervention group with usual care group

Question 55

Nutritional epidemiology

Answer 55

Epidemiological method lends itself to the study of the relationship of diet to health and disease One of first applications was investigating curative effects of citrus fruits among sailors with scurvy Can be used to monitor and describe food consumption, nutrient intake, and nutrition status of population groups Information obtained can be used to develop and evaluate intervention programs

Question 56

Measuring food consumption (national level vs. individual vs. household)

Answer 56

National level – food balance sheets Measure food available for consumption on per capita basis Can be affected by errors in calculating production, waste, consumption Are used to formulate agricultural policiesHousehold level – household food consumption Consider per capita consumption of household Takes into account age and sex of persons in household (or institution), number of meals eaten at home or away from home, income, shopping practices, other factors Individual level – methods estimating dietary intake (Table 3-6) Diet history 24-hour recall Diet record – “gold standard,” 3, 4, or 7 days Food frequency

Question 57

Community Nutritionist and evaluation

Answer 57

Need to critically evaluate scientific literature before formulating new nutrition policies or offering advice about eating patterns Use criteria in Table 5-8 to judge strength of epidemiological associations Steps in interpreting epidemiological data: Evaluate criterion for causal association carefully Assess causal association critically for bias and chance!