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Test 3# Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered abnormal?

A

3 D’s

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2
Q

We are likely to label behaviours as abnormal if they are:

A
  • distressing to the individual (or their family)
  • dysfunctional for the individual or society
  • Deviant for a particular society
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3
Q

What are the 4 problems with the DSM?

A
  1. Overdiagnosis
  2. Power of diagnostic labels
  3. Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
  4. Illusion of objectivity and universality
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4
Q

What are the 3 components of anxiety disorders?

A
  • cognitive component
  • physiological component
  • behavioural component
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5
Q

What are phobias?

A

Strong, irrational fear of object or situation

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6
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

fear of public places
- person can’t escape back to their safe place

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7
Q

What is behavioural exposure therapy with phobias?

A
  • graded exposure - guided by client
  • habituation leads to extinction
  • claims to get rid of phobias in 3 hours
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8
Q

What is a social anxiety disorder?

A

Fear of situations in which evaluation is possible
- #1 reported fear of most people, more than death or cancer

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9
Q

What are the worst situations for people with social anxiety?

A
  • public speaking
  • going to a party alone
  • asking someone on a date
  • being assertive
  • starting/keeping a conversation with a stranger
  • eating/writing in public
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10
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry, dread or apprehension
- Lasts 6+ months
- Worry constantly and excessively about money, work, family, health

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11
Q

What is panic disorder?

A
  • Panic occurs suddenly and unpredictably and is intense
  • Often in absence of stimuli
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12
Q

What are the obsessions in OCD? and what are the obsessions themes?

A
  • repetitive unwanted thoughts, images or impulses
  • invade consciousness
    Themes
  • dirt/germs 55%
  • aggressive impulses 50%
  • need for symmetry 37%
  • forbidden sexual impulses 32%
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13
Q

What are the compulsions in OCD? and what are the compulsions themes?

A
  • mental or behavioural acts and rituals that are performed to neutralize anxiety associated with intrusive thoughts
  • reduce anxiety short term but maintain disorder
  • can paralyze persons life
    Themes
  • checking 79%
  • washing 58%
  • counting 21%
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14
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance
- spends excessive amount of time engaged in examination, camouflage or DIY’s
- often present in plastic surgery offices

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15
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- symptoms are still present 1 month after the event
- not all who experience trauma get PTSD (there may be genetic predisposition)

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16
Q

What are the 4 symptom clusters of PTSD?

A

Reexperiencing - reliving trauma in flashbacks, dreams fantasy, nightmares
Avoidance - avoids triggers, conversations
Cognitive/Mood - numbness, world not safe, reduced pleasure
Hyperarousal - sleep problems, increased anger, jumpy

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17
Q

What are the 4 symptom clusters of depression?

A

Mood - negative mood states, suicidal thoughts, sadness, anxiety
Cognitive - difficulty concentrating, feelings of inferiority, hopelessness
Motivation - poor concentration, no motivation
Physical/somatic - loss of appetite, low sexual desire, sleep disturbances

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18
Q

What is major depression disorder?

A

1+ major depression episodes
- 2+ weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest and 4+ symptoms

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19
Q

What are the levels of suicidality?

A

Passing thoughts
passing suicide ideation
active suicide ideation
suicidal intent
suicidal plan

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19
Q

Where is normal in the levels of suicidality?

A

Below suicidal intent

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20
Q

What is suicide contagion?

A

When a loved one commits suicide others might follow
- ex. brother follows sibling

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21
Q

What is bipolar disorder? and what causes it?

A

Depression alternating with states of mania
- Genetic + something turns it on - abuse, drugs, neglect

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22
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Intense fear of obesity and losing control over eating
- significantly below expected weight
- relentless pursuit of thinness, distorted body image
- cessation of menstruation is seen as success

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23
Q

What are the subtypes of anorexia? (2)

A

Restrictive - limit calorie intake
Binge-eating - purging

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24
What is bulimia nervosa?
Binge eating excess food, typically junk food, more than average amount - typically triggered by unhappy mood following interpersonal conflict, fasting or self critique - binge is uncontrollable - usually within 10% of target body weight
25
What are the bulimia compensatory behaviours? (3)
- purging - self-induced vomiting, diuretics, laxatives, enemas - vomiting - fingers or instruments used to stimulate gag reflex - some exercise excessively, some fast
26
What is somatic symptom disorder?
- Have symptoms unexplained by medical science - individuals suffering is authentic whether or not it is explained medically - symptoms become persons identity
27
What is illness anxiety?
Preoccupation with having or getting a serious illness - symptoms are not present or are very mild - severe anxiety around getting sick - medical reassurance doe not help
28
What is dissociative identity disorder?
Person is dissociated of certain aspects of personality - Involves adoption of new identities (usually ~15 but can be up to 100) - Display unique sets of behaviours, voice posture - Comes from prolonged sexual abuse - Alters - different identities or personalities Host - identity that seeks treatment Switch - instantaneous transition from one personality to another
29
What is Schizophrenia?
Characterized by disorganized perception and thinking - Secondarily, may hear voices, believe strange things - Present in 1-3% of all societies
30
What are the 4 characteristics of schizophrenia?
Delusions - false beliefs of grandeur, persecution Hallucinations - false perceptions, hearing voices, seeing things Disorganized thoughts, behaviour, speech Blunted, flat inappropriate affect
31
What are the origins of Schizophrenia?
- Birth complications - prenatal problems - genetic + something turns it on or cannabis/hallucinogenics
32
What is borderline personality disorder?
Intense but unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, unrealistic self-image, emotional volatility - Causes - psychological abuse, usually by mom - affects more women
33
What is psychopathy?
Lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety or other social emotions, use of deceit and manipulation, impulsive thrill seeking - Will scam people because they are smart and manipulative - Small connections with genetic criminality, trouble at home
34
What is antisocial personality disorder?
Lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behaviour such as law breaking, violence and impulsive acts - People will take aspects of therapy to perpetrate harm - Small connections with genetic criminality, trouble at home
35
What are the 3 humanistic therapist attributes?
Unconditional positive regard Empathy Genuineness
36
What is existential therapy?
Designed to help clients explore meaning of life - No research
37
What is cognitive therapy?
Focus on changing emotional/self defeating thoughts and behaviours
38
What are the 3 steps in cognitive therapies?
1. Identify negative thoughts/beliefs 2. Challenge negative thoughts 3. Change negative thoughts to more healthy and reasonable ones
39
What is Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy (ABCD model)
A - Activating event or situation B - Belief is then activated C - Consequences, emotional or behavioural D - Dispute belief
40
What is behavioural therapy?
- Assume behaviours are learned - Applies classical and operant conditioning
41
What are behavioural therapy techniques?
1. Exposure - graduated exposure - gradually exposed to feared situation until fear subsides - flooded - taken directly to feared situation until anxiety subsides 2. Systematic desensitization - step-by-step desensitization to feared object or experience (counter conditioning) 3. Behavioural self-monitoring - keeping careful data on frequency and consequences of behaviour to be changed 4. Skills training - effort to teach client new skills they may lack
42
What is aversion therapy?
- Conditioning unpleasant reaction on purpose - ex. condition alcoholics with nausea to taste of alcohol
43
What is operant conditioning?
- reward punishment model to change behaviour - rewards desired behaviour
44
What is modelling and social skills training?
- Learn new skills by observing and imitating models who perform skill
45
What is family therapy?
- One person is seen as problem - See entire family to see relationships
46
What are the types of couples therapy?
Gottman - missing skills EFT - emotion focused therapy
47
What is group therapy?
Typically 6-8 clients and therapist Opportunity for people to interact, get support
48
What is the therapeutic alliance?
Bond of confidence between therapist and patient
49
What is crisis debriefing?
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) used as intervention to decrease PTSD levels - firefighters - talk about traumatic call - helpful for most, can cause PTSD because of different coping styles
50
What therapy is used for depression?
cognitive, interpersonal, psychodynamic
51
What therapy is used for suicide prevention?
cognitive
52
What therapy is used for anxiety disorders?
exposure, cognitive, behaviour
53
What therapy is used for anger, impulsive violence?
cognitive, psychodymanic, behaviour, gestalt
54
What therapy is used for health problems?
cognitive, behaviour
55
What therapy is used for childhood/adolescent problems?
behaviour
56
What therapy is used for relapse prevention?
cognitive, behavioural
57
What is motivational interviewing?
focused on increasing clients motivation to change problem - drinking, eating disorders - talk about pros and cons of therapy now vs later - can motivate people to be ready to change
58
What are the 4 times there are risks to patients in therapy?
1. Use of empirically unsupported, potentially dangerous techniques 2. Inappropriate or coercive influence, can create new problems for client 3. Prejudice or cultural ignorance on part of therapist 4. Sexual intimacies or other unethical behaviours from therapist
59
What do anti anxiety meds do?
Can temporarily stabilize patient can be addictive
60
What do antidepressant drugs do?
Treat mood disorders - produce unpleasant side effect
61
What are the 3 classes of antidepressant drugs?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Tricyclic antidepressants Selective Serotonin reuptake Inhibitors
62
What do antipsychotic drugs do?
Block or reduce sensitivity of brain receptors to dopamine - Treat schizophrenia - reduce agitation, delusions, hallucinations - side effects - muscular rigidity, tremors, involuntary muscle movements (tardive dyskinesia)
63
What are the 4 limitations to drug treatments?
1. Placebo effect - can be up to 50% 2. High relapse and dropout effect 3. Dosage problems 4. Unknown longterm effects
64
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
Electrical currents to brain to cause brief brain seizures - used for severe prolonged major depression - don't know why it works - downside, can cause minor memory loss
65
What is psychosurgery?
Surgical procedures that remove or destroy bran tissue to change desired behaviour - Last resort procedures, rarely performed
66
What is a lobotomy?
Cutting nerve tracts that connect frontal lobes with subcortical areas of brain involved in emotion
67
What are cingulotomies?
cutting small fibre bundle from near corpus callous that connects frontal lobes to limbic system

Psyc 112 (3 decks)

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