Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc 112 > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of development? (4)

A

Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • 0-2 years
  • understanding is routed in sensory and motor experience
  • achieve object permanence
  • emergence of symbolic thought ( language to represent objects, needs, actions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pre-operational stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • 2-7 years
  • lack ability to engage in mental operations
  • greater symbolic representation
  • do not understand conservation of properties (mass, volume, quantity)
  • animism, egocentricism, centration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • 7-12 years
  • Can think logically about concrete objects/situations
  • serial ordering, reversibility
  • can’t solve hypothetical or abstract reasoning problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the formal operational stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • Can think logically about concrete objects/situations
  • Formal thinking increases throughout adolescence
  • More creative, enjoy brain teasers
  • Not all adults reach this stage and fall back on heuristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What were Vygotsky’s theories? (2)

A
  • Scaffolding - older child or adult help by providing step by step instruction
  • Zone of proximal development - what a child can accomplish by themselves and with the help of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 temperament categories for babies? And what characterizes them?

A

Easy (40%) - cheerful, regular in routines, open to novelty
Difficult (10%) - irritable, negative reactions to changes/new situations
Slow to warm up (15%) - less active and responsive
Unique (35%) - blends of characteristics from other categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Harlow find in his monkey experiments?

A
  • Monkeys would pick a mother that could provide comfort over a wire mother that provided food
  • being loved a baby is critically important
  • Children attach for things other than food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the patterns of attachment? (4)

A

Secure (60%) - explore, positively react to stranger, happy, great mom happily
Anxious-resistant (10%) - fearful, demands moms attention, distressed when. mom leaves, not soothed with return
Anxious-avoidant (15%) - few signs of attachment, don’t cry when mom leaves, don’t seek contact
Disorganized/Disoriented (15%) - no reliable manner of coping with separation and reunions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the parenting styles? (4) What one is considered the best?

A

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Indulgent, Negleting
Authoritative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an authoritative parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Demanding but caring, good child-parent communication
  • Kids with higher self-esteem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an authoritarian parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Assertion of parental power without warmth
  • Kids with lower self esteem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an indulgent parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Warm towards child but lax in setting limits
  • Immature, poor self control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an neglecting parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Indifferent and uninvolved with child
  • Impulsive, aggressive, poop peer relationships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Erikson’s childhood and adolescent psychological stages? (8)

A

Childhood
- Trust vs. mistrust (1st year)
- Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-2 yrs.)
- Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 yrs.)
- Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs.)
Adolescent and adult
- Identity vs. role confusion (12-20 yrs.)
- Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40 yrs.)
- Generativity vs. stagnation (40-60 yrs.)
- Integrity vs. despair (60+ yrs.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Marcia’s 4 identity stages?

A

Identity diffusion - not yet gone through identity crisis
Foreclosure - adopting identity without going through identity crisis
Moratorium - currently going through identity crisis
Identity achievement - successfully gone through identity crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Freud’s 3 levels of consciousness? And what do they represent?

A

Conscious - events we’re presently aware of
Preconscious - memories, thoughts, feelings we’re unaware of but can be recalled consciously
Unconscious - wishes, feelings, impulses, that lie beyond awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Freud’s structures of personality? (3)

A

Id, Superego, Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the id represent?

A
  • Operates according to the pleasure principle
  • exists totally within the unconscious
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the superego represent?

A
  • socially developed aspect of personality, motivates us to behave in normal ways
  • Contains values, ideals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the ego represent?

A
  • Operates according to reality principle
  • Tests reality to see when the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

According to Freud, when does anxiety occur? And how does the ego deal with the problem?

A
  • Impulses from id threaten to get out of control, ego perceives danger from environment
  • Coping strategies, defence mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

24
Q

What are the defence mechanisms? (8)

A

Repression, Denial, Displacement, Intellectualism, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Sublimation

25
Q

What is the repression coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • Keep anxiety arousing memories and feelings from entering consciousness
  • primary coping strategy for ego
  • Not remembering events of a car crash
26
Q

What is the denial coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • Person refuses to acknowledge anxiety arousing aspects of environment
  • Not wanting to talk about a class that’s stressful
27
Q

What is the displacement coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • Unacceptable impulse is repressed and directed at safer substitute target
28
Q

What is the intellectualism coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • emotion connected with upsetting event is repressed and situation is dealt with as intellectually interesting event
  • Reframe as intellectual theory
29
Q

What is the projection coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • unacceptable impulse is repressed and attributed to others
30
Q

What is the rationalization coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • person constructs false but plausible explanation for anxiety arousing behaviour that has occurred
  • explaining wasting money gambling as entertainment
31
Q

What is the reaction formation coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • anxiety arousing impulse repressed and its psychic energy finds release in exaggerated expression of opposite behaviour
  • mother that resents child spoils it
32
Q

What is the sublimation coping mechanism? And an example?

A
  • Repressed impulse is released in form of socially acceptable or admired behaviour
33
Q

What did Alfred Adler believe?

A
  • Personality was formed more by social conflict than sexual tension
  • All humans feel small, weak and helpless in first years of life and grow up trying to compensate
  • Humans are social beings who are motivated by social interest
  • People are constantly striving for superiority
34
Q

What did Carl Jung believe?

A
  • People possessed personal unconscious based on life experience and social unconscious
  • Collective unconscious is a type of memory bank that stores images and ideas that humans have accumulated over evolution
  • Explains phobias of snakes, spiders
35
Q

What did Carl Rogers believe?

A
  • Behaviour is response too our immediate conscious experience of self and environment
  • People usually place conditions of worth on us
  • Unconditional positive regard is important, mom will love me no matter what
36
Q

What are the big 5 personality traits?

A

Openness to experience vs. resistance
Conscientious vs. impulsiveness
Extroversion vs. introversion
Agreeableness vs. antagonism
Neuroticism vs. emotional stability

37
Q

What is fundamental attribution error?

A
  • Tendency to overestimate personality factors in other people than external factors
  • Assuming someone is clumsy when they trip but looking to see what you tripped on when you trip, rather than being clumsy
38
Q

What is conformity?

A
  • decisions made in groups depend more on group structure and dynamics compared to personal factors
39
Q

What was the Stanford Prison study?

A
  • Male university students, assigned randomly to be guards or prisoner
  • To understand how people react to authority
40
Q

What were the major findings of the Stanford prison study?

A
  • people will take on the role assigned
  • people will disregard morals/values
  • power of social roles - participants lost their identities and morals/values
41
Q

What were the ethical concerns about the Stanford prison study?

A
  • Abused participants
  • Lasting effects/impacts
  • Prisoners psychologically distressed
  • Not letting them leave
  • Researcher took active role in study
  • No informed consent
  • Prisoners were arrested, searched
42
Q

What was Milgram’s obedience study?

A
  • test was designed to see whether people would obey and authority figure when directly ordered to violate their ethical standards
  • teacher giving electric shock to learner when incorrectly answered word pair questions
43
Q

What percent of people would go all the way to the end of Milgram’s obedience study if the authority figure took responsibility?

A

60-65%

44
Q

What are the factors leading to disobedience? (5)

A
  1. Experimenter left the room
  2. Victim was in the room
  3. 2 experimenters issued conflicting demands
  4. Person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man
  5. Participant worked with peers who refused to go on
45
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

Individuals in crowds failure to take action or get help because they assume someone else will

46
Q

What is de-individuation?

A
  • People act out of character for themselves in age crowds
  • decrease in self-awareness leads to disinhibited behaviour
  • ex. Stanley Cup riots in 2011 Vancouver
47
Q

What is the just-world phenomenon?

A

people need to believe that the world is fair and bad people get punished and good get rewarded

48
Q

What is the foot in the door persuasion technique?

A

Get people to comply with smaller request before asking them to comply with something larger. Ex. Asking people to wear a ribbon for a day before asking them to donate.

49
Q

What is in-group vs out-group?

A
50
Q

What is groupthink?

A

Tendency to suspend critical judgement because of striving to seek agreement

51
Q

What are the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

52
Q

What characterizes the alarm phase of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  • Body releases cortisol
  • fight or fight response
  • body mobilizes sympathetic nervous system to deal with immediate threat
53
Q

What characterizes the resistance phase of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  • body attempts to resist or cope with stressor that can’t be avoided
  • physiological responses occur but increase vulnerability to other stressors
54
Q

What characterizes the exhaustion phase of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  • persistent stress depletes body of energy
  • increased vulnerability to physical problems and illness
55
Q

What are the 3 personality types?

A

A - impatient, verbally aggressive, always pushing themselves and others
B - more relaxed and go with the flow
C - more vulnerable to stress, positive attitudes but unable to express negative feelings

56
Q

What personality type is more likely to develop heart disease?

A

A

57
Q

What are 2 types of coping?

A

Emotion focused coping - deals with emotional impact and leave stressor
Problem focused coping - deals with stressor

Psyc 112 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions