Test 3 Flashcards
accommodation
adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature
aniscoria
inequality of the diameter of the pupils; may be normal or congenital. often normal if inequality is within 1 mm
aphakia
a condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is absent, usually because of surgical removal for the treatment of cataracts
aqueous humor
a watery transparent liquid containing trace albumin and small amount of salts produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea
corneal arcus
opaque white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years of age. this is due to deposit of lipids in the cornea of to hyaline degeneration. may indicate a lipid disorder, most commonly type II hyperlipidemia if present before the 40 years of age (seen in younger people is called arcus juvenilis)
astigmatism
an abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens
cataracts
opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging.
chalazion
small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion.
choroid
the middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. Dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. Consists of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers.
ciliary body
the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior portion of the choroid. Consist of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle.
cones
the photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina.
conjunctiva
the mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids.
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly called pinkeye.
cornea
the clear, transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface. It is the chief refractory structure of the eye.
depth perception
perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance.
diabetic retinopathy (history)
a condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates.
diabetic retinopathy (proliferation)
a condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor.
diopeter
refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as unit of measurement in refraction.
diplopia
the condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects (double vision).
drusen
tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or on the optic nerve head.
ectropion
eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as the edge of the eyelid.
entropion
inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid.
exophthalmos
an increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward. It may be bilateral or unilateral. The most common cause of bilateral is Graves’ disease (thyroid disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected.
farsightedness
an error of refraction in which, with accommodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina.
glaucoma
a disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing increased cupping appearance of the optic nerve. An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. Produces defects in the visual field and may result in blindness.
hemianopia
blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes.
hordeolum (sty)
a suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.
hyperopia (farsightedness)
a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina.
hyphema
blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris.
iris
the colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the pupil. By contraction and dilatation it regulates the entrance of light.
iritis
inflammation of the iris.
legal blindness
in the United States, a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in the better eye.
miosis
abnormal contraction of pupils.
myopia (nearsightedness)
a condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina.
night blindness
decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A.
nystagmus
involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed.
papilledema
edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; the cause often is increased intracranial pressure.
peripheral vision
vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula.
pinguecula
a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus.
presbyopia
hyperopia (farsightedness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age.
pterygium
a triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea.
ptosis
the drooping of one or both upper eyelids.
punctum
the tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct.
red reflex
a response caused by light illuminating the retina.
referaction
the act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction of them by lenses.
retina
the sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve.
retinitis pigmentosa
a chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium.
retinoblastoma
an embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two years of life. Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil. (Cat’s eye reflex).
rods
the photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones.
sclera
a tough white fibrous tissue which covers the so-called white of the eye. It extends from the optic nerve to the cornea.
scleritis
superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera.
strabismus
a condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently.
uveitis
inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or the entire uvea.
vitreous body
a transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor).
adventitious breath sounds
abnormal auscultated breath sounds such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes and friction rub.
apnea
a temporary halt to breathing.
Atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lung.
Barrel chest
increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, often with some degree of kyphosis; commonly seen with COPD.
Bronchophony
an exaggeration of vocal resonance emanating from a bronchus surrounded by consolidated lung tissue (greater clarity and increased loudness of the spoken word).
Bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchioles.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasedisease
process which causes decreased ability of the lungs to perform their function of ventilation (nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema).
Dyspnea
difficult and labored breathing, shortness of breath.
egophany
the auditory quality associated with an increased intensity of the spoken voice along with a nasal quality (e’s become stuffy broad a’s). Maybe present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue.
hemoptysis
the coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum from the respiratory tree.
kyphosis
an increased convex curvature of the thoracic spine.
Normal Breath Sounds
Vesicular
Tubular
Bronchovesicular
Vesicular
heard over most of the lung fields; low pitch, soft and short expirations.
Tubular
heard only over trachea, high pitch; loud and long expirations, sometimes a bit longer than inspiration.
Bronchovesicular
heard over main bronchus area and over upper right posterior lung field; medium pitch; expiration equals inspiration.
Orthopnea
shortness of breath that begins or increases when the patient lies down.
pectoriloquy
a striking transmission of voice sounds through the pulmonary structures, so that they are clearly audible through the stethoscope; commonly occurs from lung consolidation.
Pectus carinatum (Pigeon chest)
forward protrusion of the sternum.
Pectus excavatum (Funnel chest)
depression of the sternum.
resonance
quality of the sound heard on percussion of a hollow structure such as the chest or abdomen.
Tachypnea
rapid, usually shallow, breathing.
tactile fremitus
a tremor or vibration in any part of the body detected on palpation.
whispered pectoriloquy
the transmission of a whisper in the same way as that of more readily audible speech, commonly, detected when the lung is consolidated by pneumonia (increase in the volume of voice sounds).
areola
pigmented area surrounding the nipple.
galactorrhea
lactation not associated with childbearing.
Gynecomastia
abnormally large mammary glands in the male; sometimes may excrete milk.
lactation
the production and secretion of milk from the breast.
mastitis
inflammation of the breast.
mastodynia
pain in the breast.
thelarche
the beginning of female pubertal breast
angina
severe, often constricting pain; caused by reduced arterial blood to the myocardium, which reduces oxygen supplied to the myocardial cells; causes injury and ischemia and the sharp precordial pain directly related to cardiac ischemia; usually refers to angina pectoris.
arrhythmia
loss of rhythm; denotes especially an irregularity of the heartbeat.
bradycardia
slow beating of the heart, usually at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute.
bruit
a harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one.
palpitations
forcible or irregular pulsation of the heart, perceptible to the patient, usually with an increase in frequency or force, with or without irregularity in rhythm.
tachycardia
rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 beats per minute.
