test 3 Flashcards by Jenna Rogow

5 stages of grief in order

denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance

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begins as normal grief but continues long term, with little to know resolution of feelings and inability to rejoin normal life

chronic grief

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Occurs when the person is grieving but expressing grief through other types of behaviors
For example: excessive drinking, arguing

masked grief

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Grief that is put off until a later time

delayed

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diet that Provides clear fluids to prevent dehydration and supplies some simple carbs to help meet energy needs
Water, tea, coffee
Broth
Clear juice (apple, grape, or cranberry)
popsicles
Carbonated beverages
jello

clear liquid diet

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diet that Contains all liquids included in the clear diet, plus any food items that are liquid at room temperature
Clear liquid diet items
Milk
Soups
Milkshakes
Pudding
Yogurt

full liquid diet

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Diet of choice for pts that have difficulty chewing as a result of missing teeth, jaw problems, or fatigue
Liquid and clear diet items
Soft vegetables and fruits
Chopped, ground, or shredded meats
Bread,pastries
Eggs
cheese

mechanical diet

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diet for Pts with hypertension, or fluid balance problems

sodium restricted diet

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diet to Manage calories and carb intake for pts with DM

diabetic diet

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diet that Manage electrolytes and fluids for pts with renal insufficiency

renal diet

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urine sample that its free of contamination
- collection of urine sample midstream

clean catch urine sample

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Painful or difficult urination

Dysuria

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Blood in the urine

hematuria

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Excessive urination

Polyuria

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To urinate
Also known as voiding

Micturition

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Frequent urination after going to bed
Waking up often during the night

Nocturia

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Involuntary loss of urine

Enuresis

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Pus in the urine
-indicates infection

Pyuria

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what are these S&S indicative of?
pain/burning with urination (dysuria)
Hematuria
Frequent urination
Fever
Chills

UTI

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what does urine look like with a UTI?

blood in urine
cloudy

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4 reasons for urinary catheters

Obtain sterile urine sample
Dain the bladder
Prevent or treat bladder retention
Promote comfort- pts who are near death

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normal measurement of urine output per hour

50-60 mL/hr
1,500 mL/hr/day

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where can a UTI be located?

Can be located in any part of the urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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Surgically created opening in the abdominal wall for bowel diversion
-May be temporary or permanent

ostomy (AKA Stoma)

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Surgical procedure that brings a portion of the colon through a surgical opening in the abdomen

colostomy

what does the location of a colostomy determine?

consistency of feces

the closer the colostomy is to the ascending colon, the feces is ___________

more liquid

the closer the colostomy is to the sigmoid colon, the feces is ___________

solid

Bowel sounds: -Very high-pitched and more frequent than normal -May occur with small bowel obstructions and inflammatory disorders -Can result in diarrhea

hyperactive

Bowel sounds: -Low- pitched, infrequent, and quiet -Indicates decreased peristalsis -Can result in constipation

hypoactive

what do you do for a pt with constipation? (6)

Increase fluid intake (Water is preferred) Encourage exercise Limit caffeine Ample fiber Maintain privacy laxatives

invasive procedures of the GI tract (2)

colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy

noninvasive procedures of the GI tract (3)

Ct scan Ultrasound X ray

day before colonoscopy diet

clear liquid diet

day of colonoscopy diet

NPO

test for occult blood in feces

fecal occult test

false positive foods on fecal occult test

red meat iron

false negative foods on fecal occult test

vitamin C

receptors that Detect variations in temperature

thermoreceptors

receptors that are In the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules Coordinate input to enable us to sense the position of our body in space

proprioreceptors

receptors that are Located in the retina in the eyes. Detects visible light

photoreceptors

receptors that are Located in the taste buds For taste

chemoreceptors

receptors that are Sensitive to changes in pressure

baroreceptor

what to do for pt that has sensory overload? (4)

limit interruptions limit light limit noise reduce noxious odors

pain: Short duration and generally rapid in onset Varies in intensity and may last up to six months

acute

pain: Lasts six months or longer Often interferes with daily activities Pts may experience periods of remission and exacerbation

chronic

Pain: Complex and chronic pain that arises when injury to one or more nerves results in repeated transmission of pain signals even in absence of painful stimuli Nerve pain

neuropathic

S&S of hypoxia (4)

Cyanosis Restlessness Tachycardia Low O2

what is the stimulant for breathing

CO2

Respiration: Occurs in body organs and tissues Capillary-tissue gas exchange

Internal respiration

Respiration: Occurs when a person breathes fast and deeply to move a large amount of air through the lungs Causes too much CO2 to be removed from the alveoli

hyperventilation

respiration: Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs Alveolar-capillary gas exchange

external respiration

Respiration: Occurs when a decreased rate or shallow breathing moves only a small amount of air into and out of the lungs Can lead to hypoxemia, then to hypoxia

Hypoventilation

Pt’s with pneumonia: why do we make pts drink fluids?

Reduce viscosity if mucus Loosens secretions

normal breathing

eupnea

Absence of breathing

Apnea

Gradual increase in depth of respirations, followed by a gradual decrease in depth, then a period of apnea

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Regular but increased in rate and abnormally deep respirations May be compensatory mechanisms for metabolic disorders that lower blood pH May be a form of hyperventilation caused by anxiety, fear, or panic

Kussmaul’s breathing

Fast, shallow breathing More than 24 breaths/min

Tachypnea

Slow respirations Less than 10 breaths/min

Bradypnea

Thick, elastic walls that allow them to stretch during cardiac contraction (systole) and recoil when the heart relaxes (diastole)

Arteries

Smaller branches of the arteries Constrict or dilate to vary the amount of blood flowing into the capillaries to help maintain blood pressure

Arterioles

Microscopic vessels, created as arterioles branch into smaller and smaller vessels Connect the arterial and venous systems and carry blood from arterioles to venules

capillaries

Vessels located throughout the body that collect oxygen-poor blood and returns it back to the heart Thin, muscular walls that collapse easily

veins

very small veins

venules

Occurs when the heart becomes inefficient pump and is unable to meet the body’s demands

Heart failure

Heart muscle disorder that results in heart enlargement and impaired cardiac contractility

Cardiomyopathy

Occurs when oxygen requirements of the heart are unmet. Prolonged ischemia leads to myocardial infarction (MI)

Cardiac ischemia

A leading cause of cardiac ischemia Condition where plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. Plaque narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle

Coronary artery disease

Alterations in heart rate or rhythms Can lower cardiac output, decrease tissue oxygenation, and increase risk of stroke

Dysrhythmias

Creates turbulent flow, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and compromised tissue oxygenation

Heart valve abnormalities

ways to reduce clot formation (4)

avoid sitting with legs crossed encourage frequent ambulation apply compression stockings anticoagulants

Older Adults: What happens to their hearts?

Thicker and more ridgid valves decreased myocardial strength Lower exercise tolerance Other health problems

health promotion: Prevent or slow onset of disease Examples: Keeping up with vaccines Eating healthy foods Exercising Wearing sunscreen

primary

health promotion: Education for detecting illnesses in early stages Screening tests Examples Regular physical exams Blood pressure screening Cancer screening Diabetes screening TB skin tests (PPD)

secondary

health promotion: Focused on stopping the disease from progressing and returning the pt to the pre-illness phase Example Rehabilitation Medication management Treatment

tertiary