Test 3

Question 1

Ecological footprint

Answer 1

A measure of human demand of the earth’s natural systems

Question 2

What are the 6 factors that most contribute to ecological footprint

Answer 2

carbon, grazing land, forest, fishing ground, cropland, built up land.

Question 3

Biocapacity-

Answer 3

regenerate capacity of a biomes and ecosystems to supply ongoing resources, process wastes.

Question 4

What does the Sustainable Society Index recommend about sustainable action?

Answer 4

Meet the needs of the present generation yet not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Ensure that people have the opportunity to develop themselves in a free, well-balanced society that is in harmony with nature.

Question 5

What is global warming

Answer 5

Increased ability of the Earth’s atmosphere to trap heat. An observable rising trend in the Earth’s atmospheric temperatures, generally attributed to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Question 6

What is Enhanced greenhouse effect?

Answer 6

Heating of the atmosphere is above what is expected to occur by natural processes.

Question 7

What is Climate change

Answer 7

Any change in climate over time whether due to natural processes or human activities.

Question 8

Anthropogenic

Answer 8

Environmental change caused by humans either directly or indirectly.

Question 9

Human activities leading to enhanced greenhouse effect that is heating the earth and its atmosphere

Answer 9

burning fossil fuels, coal and oil

Question 10

How are Australia’s temperatures expected to change due to climate change?

Answer 10

-The days will continue to be hotter more frequently and the temperature will rise will increased amounts of droughts and a decline in snow depths.

-Longer bush fire season

-Hotter days

Question 11

What is the relationship between arable land and food security

Answer 11

Continual loss of arable land induced by human activity impacts our ability to feed the world.

Question 12

what is arable land?

Answer 12

any land that people are capable of ploughing and using for crops.

Question 13

What is land degradation

Answer 13

Land degradation is a process that is caused by multiple forces including extreme weather, particularly drought. It is also caused by human activities that pollute or degrade the quality of soils and land utility.

Question 14

Economic factors contributing to desertification.

Answer 14

Overgrazing, over farming clearing trees for sale

Question 14

Social factors contrubuting to desertification

Answer 14

Increase population, poor farming techniques and land management

Question 15

Environmental factors contributing to desertification

Answer 15

Drought, overgrazing, wind erosion

Question 16

Political factors contributing to desertification

Answer 16

Multinational companies are urged by govts to farm more intensively to alleviate poverty and create employment opportunities

Question 17

What strategies to fix desertification?

Answer 17

• Plant native trees and plants
• Sustainable practices and approaches
• Technology
• Custodianship attitude to earths resources
• Change of attitude
• Maintaining and restoring land and soil productivity- irrigation and plant species

Question 18

Dam-

Answer 18

An artificial barrier constructed across a river to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply.

Question 19

What benefits can large scale dams provide?

What benefits can large scale dams provide?

Answer 19

Dams can provide some security against droughts and flooding and provide a reliable water source for irrigation and hydroelectricity.

Question 20

What are the benefits of small-scale dams

What are the benefits of small-scale dams

Answer 20

Small dams collect rain that can be soaked into ground, stored and pumped up as needed at minimal economic and environmental impact.

Question 21

What is fracking?

Answer 21

Process of creating fractures in rocks
And rock formations by injecting shale
Gas (fossil fuel, mostly methane), sand,
Water into cracks to force them open
Further

Question 22

What is the coastal zone?

Answer 22

Coastal zone = where the land meets the sea

Question 23

Ecological services

Answer 23

Ecosystem services are the benefits provided to humans through the transformations of resources

Question 24

What waves are generated in storm conditions

Answer 24

destructive waves

Question 25

What waves are generated in calm conditions

Answer 25

constructive waves and these may build up sediments giving rise to beaches and dunes.

Question 26

What is longshore drifts?

Answer 26

the movement of sediments along a coast by waves that approach at an angle to the shore but then the swash recedes directly away from it.

Question 27

Erosion landmarks examples

Answer 27

- Headlands - Bays and bights - Cliffs - Platforms - Caves - Arches - Blowholes

Question 28

Dunes

Answer 28

Form at the back of the beach and in the zones above high rise

Question 29

What are spits?

Answer 29

Spits are sandy extension of beached formed by longshore drift currents.

Question 30

What are bars and barriers?

Answer 30

sandy offshore structures that run parallel to the coast, and lagoons or wetlands may form behind them

Question 31

What is a tombolo?

Answer 31

A long stretch of sand joining an island to the mainland.

Question 32

Beach nourishment

Answer 32

The artificial placement of sand on a beach. This is then spread along the beach by natural processes.

Question 33

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

Answer 33

+ Sand is used that best matches the natural beach material. low environmental impact at the beach. - The sand must come from another beach and may have environmental impact on the location. Must be carried out on a continuous basis and therefore requires continuous funds.

Question 34

Groyne

Answer 34

An artificial structure designed to trap sand being moved by longshore drift, therefore protecting the beach. Groynes can be built using timber, concrete, steel pilings and rock.

Question 35

pros and cons of groyne

Answer 35

+ Traps sand and maintains the beach - Groynes do not stop sand movement that occurs directly offshore. Visual eyesore

Question 36

sea wall

Answer 36

A structure placed parallel to the shoreline to separate the land area from the water

Question 37

pros and cons of sea wall

Answer 37

+ Prevents further erosion of the dune area and protects buildings The base of the sea wall will be undermined over time. - Visual eyesore Will need a sand nourishment program as well High initial cost Ongoing maintenance and cost

Question 38

Offshore breakwater

Answer 38

A structure parallel to the shore and placed in a water depth of about 10 metres

Question 39

pros and cons of offshore breakwater

Answer 39

+ Waves break in the deeper water, reducing their energy at the shore - Destroys surfing amenity of the coast Requires large boulders in large quantities Cost would be extremely high

Question 40

purchase property

Answer 40

Buy the buildings and remove structures that are threatened by erosion.

Question 41

pros and cons of purchase property

Answer 41

+ Allows easier management of the dune area Allows natural beach processes to continue Increases public access to the beach - Loss of revenue to the local council Possible social problems with residents who must move Exposes the back dune area, which will need protection Cost would be extremely high Does not solve sand loss

Question 42

pros and cons of fracking

Answer 42

+ alternative to coal. access to materials. job creation. - a question of demand. risk of earthquakes. air and water pollution.

Question 43

types of renewable energy

Answer 43

solar, wind, hydro-electric, geothermal