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Geography > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecological footprint

A

A measure of human demand of the earth’s natural systems

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2
Q

What are the 6 factors that most contribute to ecological footprint

A

carbon, grazing land, forest, fishing ground, cropland, built up land.

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3
Q

Biocapacity-

A

regenerate capacity of a biomes and ecosystems to supply ongoing resources, process wastes.

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4
Q

What does the Sustainable Society Index recommend about sustainable action?

A

Meet the needs of the present generation yet not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Ensure that people have the opportunity to develop themselves in a free, well-balanced society that is in harmony with nature.

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5
Q

What is global warming

A

Increased ability of the Earth’s atmosphere to trap heat. An observable rising trend in the Earth’s atmospheric temperatures, generally attributed to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

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6
Q

What is Enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

Heating of the atmosphere is above what is expected to occur by natural processes.

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7
Q

What is Climate change

A

Any change in climate over time whether due to natural processes or human activities.

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8
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Environmental change caused by humans either directly or indirectly.

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9
Q

Human activities leading to enhanced greenhouse effect that is heating the earth and its atmosphere

A

burning fossil fuels, coal and oil

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10
Q

How are Australia’s temperatures expected to change due to climate change?

A

-The days will continue to be hotter more frequently and the temperature will rise will increased amounts of droughts and a decline in snow depths.

-Longer bush fire season

-Hotter days

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11
Q

What is the relationship between arable land and food security

A

Continual loss of arable land induced by human activity impacts our ability to feed the world.

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12
Q

what is arable land?

A

any land that people are capable of ploughing and using for crops.

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13
Q

What is land degradation

A

Land degradation is a process that is caused by multiple forces including extreme weather, particularly drought. It is also caused by human activities that pollute or degrade the quality of soils and land utility.

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14
Q

Economic factors contributing to desertification.

A

Overgrazing, over farming clearing trees for sale

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14
Q

Social factors contrubuting to desertification

A

Increase population, poor farming techniques and land management

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15
Q

Environmental factors contributing to desertification

A

Drought, overgrazing, wind erosion

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16
Q

Political factors contributing to desertification

A

Multinational companies are urged by govts to farm more intensively to alleviate poverty and create employment opportunities

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17
Q

What strategies to fix desertification?

A
  • Plant native trees and plants
  • Sustainable practices and approaches
  • Technology
  • Custodianship attitude to earths resources
  • Change of attitude
  • Maintaining and restoring land and soil productivity- irrigation and plant species
18
Q

Dam-

A

An artificial barrier constructed across a river to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply.

19
Q

What benefits can large scale dams provide?

What benefits can large scale dams provide?

A

Dams can provide some security against droughts and flooding and provide a reliable water source for irrigation and hydroelectricity.

20
Q

What are the benefits of small-scale dams

What are the benefits of small-scale dams

A

Small dams collect rain that can be soaked into ground, stored and pumped up as needed at minimal economic and environmental impact.

21
Q

What is fracking?

A

Process of creating fractures in rocks
And rock formations by injecting shale
Gas (fossil fuel, mostly methane), sand,
Water into cracks to force them open
Further

22
Q

What is the coastal zone?

A

Coastal zone = where the land meets the sea

23
Q

Ecological services

A

Ecosystem services are the benefits provided to humans through the transformations of resources

24
Q

What waves are generated in storm conditions

A

destructive waves

25
Q

What waves are generated in calm conditions

A

constructive waves and these may build up sediments giving rise to beaches and dunes.

26
Q

What is longshore drifts?

A

the movement of sediments along a coast by waves that approach at an angle to the shore but then the swash recedes directly away from it.

27
Q

Erosion landmarks examples

A
  • Headlands
  • Bays and bights
  • Cliffs
  • Platforms
  • Caves
  • Arches
  • Blowholes
28
Q

Dunes

A

Form at the back of the beach and in the zones above high rise

29
Q

What are spits?

A

Spits are sandy extension of beached formed by longshore drift currents.

30
Q

What are bars and barriers?

A

sandy offshore structures that run parallel to the coast, and lagoons or wetlands may form behind them

31
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A long stretch of sand joining an island to the mainland.

32
Q

Beach nourishment

A

The artificial placement of sand on a beach. This is then spread along the beach by natural processes.

33
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

+
Sand is used that best matches the natural beach material.
low environmental impact at the beach.
-
The sand must come from another beach and may have environmental impact on the location.
Must be carried out on a continuous basis and therefore requires continuous funds.

34
Q

Groyne

A

An artificial structure designed to trap sand being moved by longshore drift, therefore protecting the beach. Groynes can be built using timber, concrete, steel pilings and rock.

35
Q

pros and cons of groyne

A

+
Traps sand and maintains the beach
-
Groynes do not stop sand movement that occurs directly offshore.
Visual eyesore

36
Q

sea wall

A

A structure placed parallel to the shoreline to separate the land area from the water

37
Q

pros and cons of sea wall

A

+
Prevents further erosion of the dune area and protects buildings The base of the sea wall will be undermined over time.

-
Visual eyesore
Will need a sand nourishment program as well
High initial cost
Ongoing maintenance and cost

38
Q

Offshore breakwater

A

A structure parallel to the shore and placed in a water depth of about 10 metres

39
Q

pros and cons of offshore breakwater

A

+
Waves break in the deeper water, reducing their energy at the shore
-
Destroys surfing amenity of the coast
Requires large boulders in large quantities
Cost would be extremely high

40
Q

purchase property

A

Buy the buildings and remove structures that are threatened by erosion.

41
Q

pros and cons of purchase property

A

+
Allows easier management of the dune area
Allows natural beach processes to continue
Increases public access to the beach
-
Loss of revenue to the local council
Possible social problems with residents who must move
Exposes the back dune area, which will need protection
Cost would be extremely high
Does not solve sand loss

42
Q

pros and cons of fracking

A

+
alternative to coal.
access to materials.
job creation.
-
a question of demand.
risk of earthquakes.
air and water pollution.

43
Q

types of renewable energy

A

solar, wind, hydro-electric, geothermal

Geography (3 decks)

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