Geographies of human wellbeing Flashcards
What are the elements of SPICESS
Space, place, interconnection, change, environment, sustainability, scale
Types of indicators used to measure wellbeing
qualitative, quantitative, social, economical
what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative indicators?
Qualitative is often subjective and can not be easily measured or calculated. An example of this indicator could be describing an aspect of quality of life (sense of security). Whereas, Quantitative indicators are objective, observable and can be easily measured or calculable like the life expectancy in a country.
What are social indicators?
Measure demographic social and health measures eg- population growth, literacy, and life expectancy.
What are environmental indicators?
Environmental indicators assess resources that provide us with the means for social and economic development and gauge the health of the environment in which we live.
What does MEDC stand for?
More economically developed country
What does LEDC stand for?
Less economically developed country
Definition of poverty
not having enough money to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or doctors’ clinic to go to, not having land to live on, not having a job to earn your living.
define absolute poverty
Struggle to secure a daily meal and safe drinking water.
Relative poverty
individuals/families with low incomes or other resources relative to other individuals/families.
Poverty line
benchmark living standards
chronic poverty
hunger, undernutrition, illiteracy, lack of access to safe drinking water and basic health services, social discrimination, physical insecurity, political exclusion, and premature death from preventable disease.
Population distribution
the spread of people across the globe
Population density
number of people within a given area, usually per km square
life expectancy
The number of years a person can expect to live, based on the average living conditions within a
country
Natural increase
the difference between the birth rate (births per thousand) and death rate (deaths per
thousand). It does not include changes to migration
Fertility Rate
average number of children born per woman
Replacement Rate
number of children each women would need to have in
order to ensure a stable population level i.e. ‘replace’ the children’s parents.
what is the current fertility rate in Australia?
2.1
Limitations and assumptions of the demographic transition model
Not all countries go through a process of development.
Industrialised
Doesn’t account for pandemics or natural disasters that can affect natural increases in population
doesnt account for war and migration
What occurs in stage 1 of the Demographic transition model?
High birth rate + high death rates= Slow or stable increase
What occurs in stage 2 of the Demographic transition model?
High birth rate + rapid falling death rate = very rapid population growth
What occurs in stage 3 of the Demographic transition model?
Falling birth rate + falling death rate = population growth slows down
What occurs in stage 4 of the Demographic transition model?
low birth rate+ low death rate = stable or slow increase
What occurs in stage 5 of the Demographic transition model?
very low birth rate +low death rate = slow increase in population
define population structure
Number or percentage of males and females in a particular age group
define dependent population
Under 15yo and over 60yo. They are dependent on workers for support either directly or indirectly.
define ageing population
Increase number and percentage of people in the 60+ age group.
What does space mean in spicess?
Space is the distribution of an area, how it is organised or managed.
For example, a place in which you like to watch your favourite show on a certain couch or in a certain room.
what does place mean in spicess
place refers to what you think about an area and how you give meaning to an area,
for example for some people they might find that to them a room feels like their place that they can be alone to unwind however some people might perceive it as an isolated lonely place.
what does interconnection mean in spicess
The relationship between all things, both animate and inanimate, and all processes, both natural and human
what does change mean in spicess
how landscapes, land-forms or things have changed over a period of time.
what does environment mean in spicess
The concept of environment is about the significance of the environment in human life, and the important interrelationships between human and the environment.
what does sustainability mean in spicess
The capacity of the environment to continue to support our lives and the lives of other living creatures into the future.
What does scale mean in spicess
geographical phenomena and problems can be examined at different spatial levels. Can be from personal to local to regional, national, international or global
How does a youthful population affect a countries wellbeing
A youthful population like Kenya has implications on infrastructure, education and employment. A high proportion of youth means that the population has momentum to cause large further growth which places stress on the country resources. However, if they are healthy and well educated they provide a skilled workforce in future years.
How does an ageing population affect a countries wellbeing?
An ageing population like Japan has implications in terms of a decreasing workforce and tax base as well as an increased demand on health services. However, the aged population makes a significant economic contribution in terms of voluntary labour, assisting with community projects.
