Test 3

Question 1

Nociceptive pain

Answer 1

pain from tissue damage

Question 2

Referred pain

Answer 2

pain perceived at a site next to or at a distance from the sight of injury. EX: Heart attack feels pain at arm but location is heart

Question 3

Nueropathic pain

Answer 3

abnormal function of the nervous system due to injury/disease
Note that neuropathic pain is perceived as sharp, burning or radiating pain from peripheral or central nervous system injury or disease

Question 4

Why does a warmpack decrease the perception of pain?

Answer 4

Stimulates sensory receptors that will decrease pain signals to the brain
Dilates blood vessels which increase flow of oxygen to the muscle
Facilitates stretching of soft tissues that will decrease stiffness and becomes more flexible/loose for more comfort
Helps resolve inflammation

Question 5

Analgesic

Answer 5

absence of pain or noxious stimulation, relief of pain. “loss of pain” (aspirin or Tylenol)

Question 6

Anesthetic

Answer 6

loss of sensation of due to medication, drugs, or nerve damage; numbness and refer to the lost of the ability to feel sensation and pain. “loss of feeling” (numbing meds) causes muscle weakness & relaxation

Question 7

What does anesthetic stop?

Answer 7

Anesthetic stop transmission of nerve impulses

Question 8

What alters pain perception?

Answer 8

Analgesic alters pain perception

Question 9

Where does the perception of pain occur?

Answer 9

Perception of pain occurs when nociceptors are stimulated & transmit signal thru sensory neurons in spinal cord. Then sent to brain, then sent to CNS

Question 10

What has priority in the nervous system pain or sensation?

Answer 10

Sensation has priority in the nervous system.

Question 11

How does this knowledge explain pain control from the use of warm, cool or massage?

Answer 11

Infection control and universal precautions

Question 12

nosocomial infection

Answer 12

acquired infections resulting from exposure to micro-organism pathogen. EX: health care environment, hospital, clinic, nursing homes

Question 13

What is the term for the human, animal or insect that harbors a pathogen (disease organism)?

Answer 13

Host or Reservoir - Human, animal or insect that harbor the disease

Question 14

What are the most common ways to transmit a communicable disease?

Answer 14

*direct contact (most common)
air borne
skin to skin
oral ingestion
soil
water
food
open or closed wound
blood
excretions
secretion

Question 15

Universal Precautions

Answer 15

preventing transmission of blood-borne disease, consider all body fluids infectious, use goggles, masks, gowns, gloves. Protects the therapist, patients, family, & friends.

Question 16

the type of protection and actions the PTA would do to prevent infection from the following transmission methods

Answer 16

Wash hands before & after contact with patient
After restroom
after eating
after removing gloves
after contact with body fluids, blood, wounds, dressing and contaminated objects
between tasks or procedures of the same patient in order to prevent contamination to different body parts
alcohol sanitizer
wear gloves, gown, mask, goggles, shoes covers
needle sharp containers
biohazard disposal equipment
Air, blood, body fluids, contact

Question 17

What is the difference between isolation and reverse isolation?

Answer 17

Which has the goal of protecting the patient from pathogens the therapist might transmit

Question 18

MRSA (Methaiciliin Resistant Staphylocococcus Aurus)

Answer 18

bacteria that does not get better with antibiotics because it’s resistant; most common in people with weak immune systems.

Question 19

MRSA significance in the wound treatment and infection control

Answer 19

Keep hands clean

It can spread rapidly thru body

Question 20

Of the universal precautions which is the most basic and most widely used procedure?

Answer 20

Washing hands

Wearing a gown or glove

Question 21

Best protection against a coughing patient

Answer 21

is have them wear a mask to protect “everyone” in the facility

Question 22

Name the main reasons for proper patient positions

Answer 22

Prevents soft-tissue injury, pressure, and joint contracture
patient comfort
support and stability for trunk and extremities
Access and exposure to areas to be treated
Efficient function of patient’s body systems
Relieves excessive, prolonged pressure on soft tissue, bony prominences, circulatory and neurological structures

Question 23

Change position of patient in wheelchair

Answer 23

every 15 minutes

Question 24

Change position of patient in bed

Answer 24

every 2 hrs

Question 25

Pillow between knees in side lie

Answer 25

comfort and stabability

Question 26

Pillow supporting the shoulder in side lie

Answer 26

prevents patient from rolling backward

Question 27

What are the underlying reasons one body part is more vulnerable to pressure ulceration then other body parts

Answer 27

Laying on it too long
More pressure on it
Skin more sensitive
Body, not being turned

Question 28

Exposing the body part to assessment and treatment are two reasons why a PTA drapes a patient. What is the personal reason for draping?

Answer 28

Ensuring patient modesty

Cultural, religious, personal preferences

Question 29

Benefits of lotion

Answer 29

Lotion aids in massage palpation because it creates a smooth surface and you can find any impairments, trigger point or bony prominences much better. Massage “Goal Driven.”
It won’t hurt the patient
It’s easier to palpate/feel the bony landmarks

Question 30

Mechanical affects of massage

Answer 30

soft tissue structure, circulatory and lymphatic structures

Question 31

Neurological affects of massage

Answer 31

CNS, Gate theory of pain, sense has priority over pain, ANS, neurological parasympathetic response, endocrine system, emotional state.

Question 32

Which affect is associated with the reduction of edema

Answer 32

Direct Mechanical effects - mechanoreceptors

Question 33

Which affect is associated with pain control and relaxation

Answer 33

Indirect neurological effects - Pain control and relaxation

Question 34

Discuss what happens if the PTA massages too fast or too hard.

Answer 34

When PTA massage to hard patient becomes irritated, stimulates sympathetic nervous system “fight or flight”

Question 35

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is activated?

Answer 35

An arousing massage stimulates the sympathetic nervous

Question 36

What would you expect to find when you examined the hands and fingers?

Answer 36

Upon examining the hands and finger you would find them white & clammy. The body increase blood pressure and heart rate. Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

Question 37

PTA massages slowly and gently

Answer 37

Parasympathetic

Question 38

Inflammatory phase (never massage/red light)

Answer 38

1-10

Question 39

Proliferation phase (caution massage/yellow light)

Answer 39

3-20

Question 40

Remodeling phase (apply firm amt. pressure/green light)

Answer 40

21 days

Question 41

Contraindications to massage

Answer 41

Eliciting pain with massage
Reactive pain on palpation 
Acute unstable tissue injury 
Infection
Cancer of the part being massaged
Autoimmune conditions that weaken tissue 
Prolonged cortisone use (why? what tissue becomes fragile?)  
Psychological instability