Test 3 Flashcards
Nociceptive pain
pain from tissue damage
Referred pain
pain perceived at a site next to or at a distance from the sight of injury. EX: Heart attack feels pain at arm but location is heart
Nueropathic pain
abnormal function of the nervous system due to injury/disease
Note that neuropathic pain is perceived as sharp, burning or radiating pain from peripheral or central nervous system injury or disease
Why does a warmpack decrease the perception of pain?
Stimulates sensory receptors that will decrease pain signals to the brain
Dilates blood vessels which increase flow of oxygen to the muscle
Facilitates stretching of soft tissues that will decrease stiffness and becomes more flexible/loose for more comfort
Helps resolve inflammation
Analgesic
absence of pain or noxious stimulation, relief of pain. “loss of pain” (aspirin or Tylenol)
Anesthetic
loss of sensation of due to medication, drugs, or nerve damage; numbness and refer to the lost of the ability to feel sensation and pain. “loss of feeling” (numbing meds) causes muscle weakness & relaxation
What does anesthetic stop?
Anesthetic stop transmission of nerve impulses
What alters pain perception?
Analgesic alters pain perception
Where does the perception of pain occur?
Perception of pain occurs when nociceptors are stimulated & transmit signal thru sensory neurons in spinal cord. Then sent to brain, then sent to CNS
What has priority in the nervous system pain or sensation?
Sensation has priority in the nervous system.
How does this knowledge explain pain control from the use of warm, cool or massage?
Infection control and universal precautions
nosocomial infection
acquired infections resulting from exposure to micro-organism pathogen. EX: health care environment, hospital, clinic, nursing homes
What is the term for the human, animal or insect that harbors a pathogen (disease organism)?
Host or Reservoir - Human, animal or insect that harbor the disease
What are the most common ways to transmit a communicable disease?
*direct contact (most common) air borne skin to skin oral ingestion soil water food open or closed wound blood excretions secretion
Universal Precautions
preventing transmission of blood-borne disease, consider all body fluids infectious, use goggles, masks, gowns, gloves. Protects the therapist, patients, family, & friends.
the type of protection and actions the PTA would do to prevent infection from the following transmission methods
Wash hands before & after contact with patient
After restroom
after eating
after removing gloves
after contact with body fluids, blood, wounds, dressing and contaminated objects
between tasks or procedures of the same patient in order to prevent contamination to different body parts
alcohol sanitizer
wear gloves, gown, mask, goggles, shoes covers
needle sharp containers
biohazard disposal equipment
Air, blood, body fluids, contact
What is the difference between isolation and reverse isolation?
Which has the goal of protecting the patient from pathogens the therapist might transmit
MRSA (Methaiciliin Resistant Staphylocococcus Aurus)
bacteria that does not get better with antibiotics because it’s resistant; most common in people with weak immune systems.
MRSA significance in the wound treatment and infection control
Keep hands clean
It can spread rapidly thru body
Of the universal precautions which is the most basic and most widely used procedure?
Washing hands
Wearing a gown or glove
Best protection against a coughing patient
is have them wear a mask to protect “everyone” in the facility
Name the main reasons for proper patient positions
Prevents soft-tissue injury, pressure, and joint contracture
patient comfort
support and stability for trunk and extremities
Access and exposure to areas to be treated
Efficient function of patient’s body systems
Relieves excessive, prolonged pressure on soft tissue, bony prominences, circulatory and neurological structures
Change position of patient in wheelchair
every 15 minutes
Change position of patient in bed
every 2 hrs
Pillow between knees in side lie
comfort and stabability
Pillow supporting the shoulder in side lie
prevents patient from rolling backward
What are the underlying reasons one body part is more vulnerable to pressure ulceration then other body parts
Laying on it too long
More pressure on it
Skin more sensitive
Body, not being turned
Exposing the body part to assessment and treatment are two reasons why a PTA drapes a patient. What is the personal reason for draping?
Ensuring patient modesty
Cultural, religious, personal preferences
Benefits of lotion
Lotion aids in massage palpation because it creates a smooth surface and you can find any impairments, trigger point or bony prominences much better. Massage “Goal Driven.”
It won’t hurt the patient
It’s easier to palpate/feel the bony landmarks
Mechanical affects of massage
soft tissue structure, circulatory and lymphatic structures
Neurological affects of massage
CNS, Gate theory of pain, sense has priority over pain, ANS, neurological parasympathetic response, endocrine system, emotional state.
Which affect is associated with the reduction of edema
Direct Mechanical effects - mechanoreceptors
Which affect is associated with pain control and relaxation
Indirect neurological effects - Pain control and relaxation
Discuss what happens if the PTA massages too fast or too hard.
When PTA massage to hard patient becomes irritated, stimulates sympathetic nervous system “fight or flight”
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is activated?
An arousing massage stimulates the sympathetic nervous
What would you expect to find when you examined the hands and fingers?
Upon examining the hands and finger you would find them white & clammy. The body increase blood pressure and heart rate. Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
PTA massages slowly and gently
Parasympathetic
Inflammatory phase (never massage/red light)
1-10
Proliferation phase (caution massage/yellow light)
3-20
Remodeling phase (apply firm amt. pressure/green light)
21 days
Contraindications to massage
Eliciting pain with massage Reactive pain on palpation Acute unstable tissue injury Infection Cancer of the part being massaged Autoimmune conditions that weaken tissue Prolonged cortisone use (why? what tissue becomes fragile?) Psychological instability
