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ecology > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the challenge of environmental health policy?

A

Achieving the level of economic development needed to meet human needs and aspirations while simultaneously protecting the environment that sustains life

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2
Q

What are the complimentary goals for currect and future development regarding sustainable development?

A

Environmental protection, economic prosperity, and social justice

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3
Q

Why is there policy gridlock?

A

Disagreements among stakeholders and policymakers on how to balance environmental protection, economic prosperity, and social justice

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4
Q

Why do we turn to government for environmental threats?

A
  • Environmental threats represent public goods that cannot be solved through private action alone
  • Market failures or imperfections (inadequate info, lack of competitiveness, externalities)
  • public pressure for actions
  • resources needed to prevent / mitigate problems
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5
Q

What is Tragedy of the Commons?

A

Overuse of a common resource to a point of depletion

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6
Q

What is a positive (beneficial) externality?

A

If third parties benefit substanially, then the good may be underprovided or underconsumed
ex. beekeeper keeps bees to sell honey

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7
Q

What is a negative (harmful) externality?

A

If costs to third parties exceed costs to the individual making the choice then the good may be over provided or overconsumed

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8
Q

How do we correct externalities?

A

Most efficient means for correcting externalities is to interalize the cost through government intervention or non-government approaches assuming people will act “rationally” and solve with problem internally

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9
Q

What is environmental policy?

A

Environmental policy is a diversity of government actions that affect or attempt to affect environmental quality or the use of natural resources

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10
Q

What are the three generations of environmental problems?

A

1st Generation: air and water pollution
2nd: toxic chemicals and hazardous waste
3rd: global climate change and loss of biodiversity

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11
Q

What is the policy cycle model?

A

Proposes a logical sequence of activities that affects the development of public policy
- simplicity, clarity, and flexibility

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12
Q

What are the six distinct stages of the policy cycle model?

A
  1. Agenda setting (activities that bring environmental problems to the attention of public and political leaders)
  2. Policy formulation (development of proposed courses of action to resolve an environmental problem)
  3. Policy Legitimation (justification and legal force)
  4. Policy Implementation (puts program into effect)
  5. Policy and program evaluation (judge the merit)
  6. Policy change (if outcomes are not satisfactory, environmental policies may be revised or terminated)
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13
Q

What is a legal remedy?

A

Remedies are the requirements and procedures to repair injury, collect and distribute compensation, and deter wrongs

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14
Q

What is the tort system legal remedy?

A

A citizen can demand that an individual or a firm compensate for losses suffered (Claimants)
ex. toxic exposure, negligent behavior lawsuits (primary) , monetary relief, equitable relief
Most difficult issue is to prove causation (general to specific)

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15
Q

What is statutory relief legal remedy?

A

Congress and state legislature have enacted specific statutes to compensate people who have been harmed
ex. No-fault programs for worker compensation, compensation funds

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16
Q

What are the criticisms of the tort system? Why does it survive?

A

The tort system is ineffective, overcompensates / undercompensates victims, it is arbitrary and slow
- it stays because legislative interia and the underlying theory that torts promote deterrence and corrective justice

17
Q

What is the hierarchy of controls?

A

a comprehensive approach to prevention in the workplace
1. Elimination of a source
2. Substitution of agents
3. Engineering controls
4. Administrative controls
5. PPE
6. Medical monitoring and treatment

18
Q

What are the interactions between chemicals and chemical protective chlothing?

A

Penetration, Degredation, and Permeation (like dissolves like)

19
Q

What controls the movement of molecules through polymers

A

Molecular interactions (dispersion, polar, hygrogen bond), like dissolves like

20
Q

What are substitutions (hierarchy of control)?

A

It is the second step of hierarcy of control
To use safer chemicals, products, processes, or activities to elimate the hazard from the workplace

21
Q

What are engineering controls and what step is it on the hierarchy of control?

A

Third step
To use equipment that reduces or control expsoure in and around work areas (part of isolation) including ventilation

22
Q

Whatre are administrative controls (hierarcy of control)?

A

Fourth step
Change the way that workers do their job in order to reduce or elimate exposures to hazards

23
Q

What is personal protective equipment (hierarchy of control)?

A

Fifth step
Enforce the use of equipment including respirators, hard hats, face and eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and protective clothing that reduces exposure to the hazard

24
Q

What is pollution prevention?

A

Defined by 1990 Pollution prevention act: Pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible, pollution that cannot be prevented should be treated, and disposal into the environment should be a last resort

25
Q

How many principles of sustainable development are there? What is the main principle?

A

There are 27 principles, most important being “Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy productive life in harmony with nature”

26
Q

What is the precautionary principle?

A

Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degredation

27
Q

What is principle of intergenerational equity?

A

The right to development must be fulfilled so as equitability meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations

28
Q

What is the principle of integrated decision making?

A

In order to acheive sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the developments process and cannot be considered in isolation from it

29
Q

What are the limitations of environmental health policy development?

A
  1. Risk characterization uncertainties
  2. Trade-offs (risk-risk trade off of disinfection with chlorine)
  3. Lots of stakeholders
  4. Proving harm will happen without implementation of preventative policies
30
Q

What are engineering controls and what step is it on the hierarchy of control?

A

Third step
To use equipment that reduces or control expsoure in and around work areas (part of isolation) including ventilation

31
Q

What are the four types of control in industrial hygiene?

A
  1. Anticipation: proactive estimation of health and safety concerns that are associated with a given occupational setting
  2. Recognition: identification of potential and actual hazards in a workplace through direct inspection (walk-through)
  3. Evaluation: includes measuring exposures through visual or intrumental monitoring of a site
  4. Control: Reduction of risk to health and safety through administrative or engineering measures
32
Q

What are the major sources of CO emissions in most areas? What is being done to reduce this?

A

Cars
The use of catalytic converts reduce emissions by converting CO to CO2
Installation of CO detectors and public education campaigns focusing on safe operation of gas-powered equipment

33
Q

What has waterborne disease outbreak been linked to in North America?

A

Heavy rainfall and resultant flooding
Ex. walkerton: it flooded and then E. coli was found in drinking water samples

34
Q

What is the global burden of disease?

A

The burden is quantified in terms of both morality and morbidity to express years lost through both premature death and severity of disease

35
Q

Why is chlorine not the best way to treat water?

A

A number of microbes are capable of surviving “safe” chlorination levels typically maintained in drinking water
Created disinfection by-products including chloroform and trichloroacetic acid

36
Q

What are the 4 provisions of the law that define the national approach to hazardous waste sites?

A
  1. Systematically identify sites
  2. Provide potential remedial cleanup
  3. Implement a “polluter pays” principle
  4. Incorporate community input into the process of identifying and remediating sites
37
Q

What are the three general types of no fault programs?

A
  1. Workers’ compensation
  2. Partial-fault programs
  3. Compensations funds

ecology (6 decks)

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