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ecology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Agricola

A

developed the field of minerology, mining, and health effects

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2
Q

Paracelsus

A

developed the field of toxicology

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3
Q

Ramazzini

A

developed the field of occupational medicine

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4
Q

Percival Pott

A

developed the field of occupational epidemiology

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5
Q

Rachel Carson

A

developed the modern day environmental movement

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6
Q

Industrial revolution

A

work-related injury and workers’ compensation

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7
Q

Muckrakers, Gauley Bridge Disaser

A

inclusion of work-related illnesses

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8
Q

World War II

A

protection of health at the workplace

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9
Q

OSHA Act of 1970

A

framework for ledislating health and safety in the workplace; creation of OSHA and NIOSH - EPA also created during this time

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10
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1970

A

procative incorporation of persons with disabilities into the workforce

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11
Q

9/11

A

expansion of the field to include public health preparedness and response to terrorist attacks

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12
Q

What are the three core functions of environmental public health?

A

Assessment, Policy Development, Assurance

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13
Q

Assessment public health services

A
  1. Assess and monitor population health
  2. Investigate, diagnose, and address health hazards and root causes
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14
Q

Policy Development public health services

A
  1. Communicates effectively to inform and educate
  2. Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships
  3. Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws
  4. Utilize legal and regulatory actions
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15
Q

Assurance public health services

A
  1. Enable equitable access
  2. Build a diverse and skilled workforce
  3. Improve and innovate through evaluation, research, and quality improvement
  4. Build and maintain a storng organizational infrastructure for public health
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16
Q

What is the environmental health paradigm?

A

The framework describes the relationship between a toxicant and its effect on health by identifying and characterizing a complex pathway that begins with the emission source of that toxicant that ends with the response of the host to the effects of that toxicant; generally involves a solid understanding of emission sources, exposure, pathways, dose, and human health effects

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17
Q

What are Jim Crow Laws?

A

Emancipation of slaves after the civil war led to the institution of these laws; they legalized segregation at the local and state levels from the 1865 - 1968 and were used to place Black Americans at a disadvantage in terms of housing and opportunities for advancement

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18
Q

What is redlining?

A

HOLC concentrated Black and Latino homeowners in certain areas through the denial of home loans in more desirable areas; this resulted in further segregation and prevented communities from gaining economically through home equity

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19
Q

What is structural/systemic racism?

A

Perpetuates racial inequalities through policies, practices, representation of cultures, and other elements at institutional and public levels

20
Q

What are the impacts of inequality in structures and systems?

A

Inequalities in income, housing, education, health attainment, acts of violence against communities, judicial outcomes, and incarceration and environmental conditions - these led to disparate exposure to toxic agents in Black and Latino communities in places where they live, work, and played

21
Q

What is ecology?

A

Ecology focuses on interactions of living things in relation to their environment and encourages viewing the environment as our home

22
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a complex system of organisms (biotic), their environment (biotic and abiotic), and the interactions that connect them

23
Q

What do ecosystems provide? What are they characterized by?

A

Ecosystems provide the life support systems that are central to human health - they are characterized by energy flow and nutrient cycling

24
Q

What are the key nutrient cycles to sustain life?

A

Hydrologic, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

25
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Biodiversity if the degree of variation of life - can affect the risk of disease transmission to humans (more biodiversity, less risk)

26
Q

What are the sources of variation?

A

Genetic, Phenotypic, Stages of life, Inter-species, Inter-community, Intra-community

27
Q

What is the ecological approach to public health?

A

The ecological approach to public health views humans as nested within the ecosystem, calls for integrated consideration of environmental and social factors, and highlights system characteristics such as complexity, emergence, and feedback loops

28
Q

What is the built environment?

A

Consists of manmade surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, from the largest-scale civic surroundings to the smallest personal space (ex. homes, schools, parks, recreation areas, transportation systems, workplaces)

29
Q

What are some consequences of an unhealthy built environment?

A

The built environment has been associated with increased prevalence of several chronic diseases, notably asthma, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and depression

30
Q

What is ethics?

A

A branch of philosophy that seeks to resolve issues of “good” and “bad” by applying a reasoned approach to figuring out what is the right or wrong action or position; they establish normative values to guide judgment, decisions, and conduct

31
Q

What are the traditional levels of prevention in public health?

A

Primary (acting on a situation that could lead to an ethical issue that has not occurred yet), Secondary (acting on situations that have unethical elements unrecognized), Tertiary (justly compensating victims who have been the targets of unethical conduct)

32
Q

What are the 3 core steps described by the Public Health Leadership Society in an ethical framework?

A
  1. Identify and clarify the ethical dilemma
  2. Analyze it in terms of alternative courses of action and their consequences
  3. Resolve the dilemma by deciding which course of action best incorporates and balances the guiding principles and values
33
Q

What is Systems Thinking?

A

A persepctive from which to examine and evaluate dynamic intersecting factors which contribute to a problem made up of complex systems

34
Q

What is the concept of emergence?

A

Illustrates how a system is made up of more than the individual components of which it is made; not existing in isolation in individual parts of the system but arising when components interact

35
Q

What is ecology?

A

Ecology is a scientific discipline that focuses on interactions of living things and in relation to their environment, and encourages understanding of the environment as our home

36
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Uncontrolled expansion of urbanization

37
Q

What is a downstream social determinant? Upstream?

A

A downstream social determinant are factors that are temporally and spatially close to health effects; Upstream social determinants are fundamental causes that set in motion casual pathways leading to health effects through downstream factors

38
Q

What are the three principles of action?

A
  1. Improve daily living conditions
  2. Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources
  3. Measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action
39
Q

What are the Social Deterimnants of Health?

A

Economic Stability, Health and Health Care Access, Education Access, Neighborhood and Built Environment, and Social and Community Context

40
Q

Nuremberg Trials

A

1947
Voluntary consent

41
Q

Helsinki Declaration

A

1964
Written research protocols, individual interests are greater than science and society, right to confidentiality, protection of vulnerable groups

42
Q

Beecher (NEJM) Tuskegee Study

A

1966
NIH Internal Rules

43
Q

Belmont Reoprt

A

1979
3 basic ethical principles, IRBs (international review board)

44
Q

U of Penn case
U of Ok case
John Hopkins case

A

1998-2000
Conflicts of interest, greater role for IRBs (international review board)

45
Q

What are the three basic ethical principles?

A

Autonomy, Beneficience, and Justice

46
Q

What are ethics in public health?

A

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that seeks to resolve issues of good and bad by applying a reasoned approach to figuring out what is the right or wrong action or position

ecology (6 decks)

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