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ecology > ecology quiz questions > Flashcards

ecology quiz questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. For a specific community, source and contaminant, exposures can vary between and within individuals
b. The inhalation pathway is only important for contaminants emitted into the air
c. most persons in the US spend over 90% of their day in an indoor environment
d. Concentrations of pollutants in environmental media can be poor indicators of exposure
e. The presence ofa chemical in the environment does not always imply a risk to health

A

B. The inhalation pathway is only important for contaminants emitted into the air

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2
Q

Which of the following provides more accurate information on individual exposures to airborne contaminant?
a. Indoor air monitoring
b. Ambient air concentrations measured at fixed sites
c. Job histories
d. The Toxic Release Inventory
e. Personal Monitoring

A

E. Personal monitoring

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3
Q

Which of the following statements are TRUE?
a. Most pollutants found in indoor settings are of outdoor origin
b. The ratio of indoor to outdoor ozone in a typical Houston home is around 0.8 or higher
c. Personal exposure measurements for VOCs are usually more closely correlated with indoor measurements than outdoor measurements
d. In the US, people spend between 60-80% of their time in an indoor environment

A

C. Personal exposure measurements for VOCs are usually more closely correlated with indoor measurements than outdoor measurements

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4
Q

In the environmental health paradigm, which of the following best depicts the continuum between the origin of toxic agent and its effect in humans?

A

Source -> Fate and Transport -> Exposure -> Dose -> Effect

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5
Q

Risk assessment seeks to:
a. Determine which health risks are acceptable and what to do about them
b. Identify and mitigate hazardous exposures
c. Estimate the likelihood, magnitude, and uncertainty of population health risks
d. Examine the link between human exposure and disease
e. Detect disease and other adverse health outcomes

A

C. Estimate the likelihood, magnitude, and uncertainty of population health risks

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6
Q

T or F: Exposure concentration is the amount of contaminant in the environmental media that contacts the body

A

True

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7
Q

T or F: Aggregate exposure is the sum of exposures of an organism to a chemical across all pathways over time

A

True

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8
Q

All of the following are necessary elements in the exposure pathway EXCEPT:
a. Biologically effective dose
b. Point of contact
c. Source
d. Receptor
e. Environmental media

A

A. Biologically effective dose

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9
Q

T or F: The biological effects of a toxic agent are those that take place at the cellular level

A

True

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10
Q

T or F: “Potential dose” refers to the amount of a toxic agent that is actually ingested, inhaled, oe absorbed through the skin.

A

True

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11
Q

Which of the following historical figures laid down one of the most basic principles in environmental health and toxicology i.e., that when considering the potential adverse effects of a given toxicant, the exposure intensity is a critical determinant?

A

Paracelsus

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12
Q

In 1984, the Bhopal tragedy ultimately led, in the US, to the passage of which of the following regulatory standards or laws?

A

Hazard communication / Right to know laws

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13
Q

Which period of time was characterized by increased wealth, prosperity and productivity, but also by an increase in the number of work-related injuries and exposure to physical agents?

A

Industrial Revolution

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14
Q

At the beginning of the 20th century, these people contributed through their writings to increase public awareness of the poor working conditions of certain groups of US workers

A

Muckrakers

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15
Q

The typical pattern or sequence of events that public polocy issues related to environmental/occupational health follow is:

A

Identification -> Politicization -> Legislation -> Litigation

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16
Q

Workplaces are often prefffered as a “laboratory” for the study of general environmental health effects because they typically feature:
a. Health exposures
b. Fewer confounder influences
c. Better estimation of exposure density
d. A more clearly defined study population
e. All of the above are correct

A

E. All of the above are correct

17
Q

The landmark 1987 United Church of Christ report, Toxic Wastes and ______ in the US, was the first national study of demographic disparities in the location of hazardous waste sites:

A

Race

18
Q

T or F: Jim crow laws were designed to enhance racial equity between Black and White Americans

A

False

19
Q

The modern environmental justice movement in the US emerged in 1982 when a predominantly black community in Warren, NC protested the siting of what type of facility in their community
a. Coal-fired power plant
b. Nuclear power plant
c. Hazardous waste incinerator
d. Hazardous waste landfill

A

D. Hazardous waste landfill

20
Q

The cumulative impacts of social vulnerability, environmental exposure inequalities, and biological/physiological susceptibility combine to form ___ ____ among racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups

A

Health disparities

21
Q

The cumulative impacts of social vulnerability, environmental exposure inequalities, and biological/physiological susceptibility combine to form ___ ____ among racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups

A

Health disparities

22
Q

T or F: Redlining practices relegated black and other communities of color to neighborhoods which were less desirable, with greater potential for exposure to environmental toxicants

A

True

23
Q

The process in which bacteria in the soil change nitrogen gas into forms that plants can use is called _______

A

Nitrogren Fixation

24
Q

Which of the following cycles does not have a gaseous phase?
a. Water
b. Carbon
c. Nitrogen
d. Phosphorous
e. Sulfur

A

D. Phosphorous

25
Q

On land, plants lose water to the atmosphere through:

A

Transpiration

26
Q

Photosynthesis and cellurlar respiration are both involved in:
a. Water cycle
b. Carbon cycle
c. Nitrogran cycle
d. Phosphorous cycle
e. Sulfur cycle

A

B. Carbon cycle

27
Q

An ecosystem is self-sustaining if it involves the interaction between organisms, a flow of energy, and the presence of:

A

Nutrient cycles

28
Q

T or F: According to the dilution effect hypothesis, the presense of absence of species diversity in a community may impact transmission of vector-borne diseases to humans

A

True

29
Q

Under the CDC construct for social determinants of health, which one of the following represents the domain where environmental health determinants cna be found?

A

Neighborhood and built environment

30
Q

T or F: The WHO view of social determinants of health is framed in the context of social injustice and its impact on the health and well-being of populations

A

True

31
Q

T or F: The WHO commission states that social and economic systems play no role in determining health of populations

A

False

32
Q

T or F: Systems thinking only considers one component of a problem at a time

A

False

33
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the components of a system?
a. The components of a system interact in a dynamic fashion
b. The components of a system can be regulated
c. The components of a system only operate one at a time
d. Small changes in one component of a system cna have large effects

A

C. The components of a system only operate on at a tiem

34
Q

T or F: Analytical thinking always incorporates feedback loops when considering a problem

A

False

35
Q

Emergence comes from:
a. the ways in which parts of a system interact with one another
b. one components of a system being stronger than all of the others
c. interactions within a system where one component cencels out another

A

A. the ways in which parts of a system interact with one another

36
Q

T or F: Analytical thinking is reductionist

A

True

ecology (6 decks)

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