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NEUR/PSY 121 > TEST 3 > Flashcards

TEST 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Organized on a similar hierarchical plan, sensory receptors, neural relays between the receptor and the neocortex, sensory coding and representation, perception

A

Common features of Sensory Systems

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2
Q

Specialized cells that convert sensory energy into neural activity, each sensory receptor responds to a narrow band of energy

A

Sensory receptors

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3
Q

Light energy, mechanical energy, air-pressure waves, chemical energy

A

Forms of energy that sensory receptors of different sensory systems are responsive

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4
Q

Ultraviolet vision, very low and very high frequency hearing, trace odor detection, seeing in dark, color vision

A

How sensory systems produce an idiosyncratic representation of reality for species and individuals

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5
Q

Specific part of the world to which a receptor cell responds

A

Receptive field

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6
Q

Each photoreceptor in the eye points in a slightly different direction and so has a unique receptive field, somatosensory receptors respond to stimulation on a very specific part of the skin

A

Examples of receptive fields

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7
Q

The brain uses information from receptive fields to ______

A

Identify Information
Contrast Information

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8
Q

Connections of receptors to cortex via intervening neurons

A

Neural Relays

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9
Q

Depending on the sensory system, three (visual and somatosensory systems) or four intervening neurons, located in the spinal cord, brainstem, and neocortex

A

Characteristics of Neural Relays

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10
Q

At each level, sensory information can be used to produce different adaptive responses.
Visual info at the level of the brainstem (superior colliculus) can produce eye movement.
Somatosensory (pain) info at the level of the spinal word can produce withdraw reflexes.

A

Major functional Consequences of having Neural Relays

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11
Q

Subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain

A

Perception

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12
Q

The context in which sensory impressions occur, emotional state, past experience

A

Factors that affect our sensory impressions

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13
Q

Light energy —> Strikes photoreceptor —> Chemical reaction —> Change in membrane potential —> Release in neurotransmitter —> Effect on nearby neurons

A

Initial steps in visual processing (steps from light striking the photoreceptors to the release of a neurotransmitter onto nearby neurons)

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14
Q

Rods and Cones are what?

A

Types of photoreceptors

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15
Q

More numerous, low levels of brightness, night vision, periphery of the retina, one light absorbing pigment, one kind

A

Rods

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16
Q

Less numerous, bright light, color vision, seeing fine detail, concentrated in the fovea, one of three light absorbing pigments, three kinds

A

Cones

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17
Q

Photoreceptors connect to retinal ganglion cells via what number of cell types?

A

3

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18
Q

Axons of the retinal ganglion cells form the ____ nerve

A

Optic

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19
Q

Rods have which retinal ganglion cell type?

A

M Cells

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20
Q

Cones have which retinal ganglion cell type?

A

P Cells

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21
Q

Left visual field information goes to the ______ hemisphere

A

Right

22
Q

Right visual field information goes to the ____ hemisphere

A

Left

23
Q

Nasal information crosses, temporal information does not cross

A

Partial Crossing at the Optic Chiasm

24
Q

Projections from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex

A

Geniculostriate System (pathway)

25
Q

Projections from the retina to the superior colliculus to the pulvinar (thalamus) to the parietal and temporal visual areas

A

Tectopulvinar System (pathway)

26
Q

Projections from occipital lobe, complex functions, color, form, and motion info are integrated

A

Features of Dorsal and Ventral Streams

27
Q

The superior colliculus is found in what region of the brain?

A

The midbrain’s tectum

28
Q

Produces orienting movements, detects and shifts the eyes toward stimuli

A

Functions of the tectum

29
Q

The pulvinar sends ______ information to the parietal and temporal lobes

A

“Where”

30
Q

Also called striate cortex and V1, part of the occipital cortex, layer IV. Receives input from the lateral geniculate nucleus.

A

Primary Visual Cortex

31
Q

Also called secondary visual cortex, the remaining visual areas in the occipital cortex

A

Extrastriate Cortex

32
Q

Color, form, and motion perception remain segregated in what?

A

V1 and V2

33
Q

The brainstem controls what kinds of behaviors? (3)

A

Species typical behaviors, complex patterns of adaptive behavior, behaviors involving careful coordination

34
Q

Stimulating specific regions of M1 produces movements in characteristic parts of the body
• Each motor cortex mainly controls movement on the opposite side of the body
• M1 has a partially topographic organization
• Certain areas are disproportionately large relative to the actual size of the body region (hands, fingers, lips, tongue)
• More cortical representation is associated with more precise motor control over the body region

A

Features of the motor cortex

35
Q

• Main efferent pathways from the motor
cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord
• Axons of corticospinal tracts originate mainly in layer V pyramidal cells of the motor cortex
• Axons descend into the brainstem
• Two pathways descend from the brainstem

A

Features of corticospinal tracts

36
Q

Anterior horn of the spinal cord
• Gray matter in the anterior portion of the spinal cord
• Contains cell bodies of neurons involved in motor function

A

Features of motor neurons

37
Q

• The muscles on which motor neurons synapse
control body movements
• Limb muscles are arranged in pairs
• Extensors move the limb away from the trunk
• Flexors move the limb toward the trunk
•Connections between inter neurons and motor neurons of the spinal cord insure the muscles act in a complementary fashion
• The neurotransmitter at the motor-neuron-muscle junction is acetylcholine

A

Features of control of muscles by motor neurons

38
Q

Regulate movement force
• The force with which we make movements or manipulate objects can vary over an impressive range

A

Functions the basal ganglia may have in movement

39
Q

• Movement error correction
• The cortex sends instructions to the spinal cord
to perform a motor movement
• A copy of the same instructions is sent to the cerebellum through the inferior olive in the brainstem
• Feedback from the action is received through the spinocerebellar tract by the cerebellum
• The cerebellum has information about what you intended and what you actually did
• It can calculate the error and tell the cortex how to correct the movement

A

Functions the cerebellum may have in movement

40
Q

• Nociception(Irritation)
• Perception of pain, temperature, and itch
• Hapsis (Pressure)
• Perception of fine touch and pressure
• Proprioception (Movement)
• Perception of body awareness, that is, body location and movement

A

3 types of somatosensory perception

41
Q

Cells that carry somatosensory information from receptors to the spinal cord

A

Posterior-root ganglian neurons

42
Q

Produces severe motor disability, including the
inability to learn new motor skills

A

Damage of posterior-root ganglion neurons

43
Q

Produces inability to control movements, Movement has to be mediated by vision

A

Damage of proprioceptive sensory neurons

44
Q

Haptic-proprioceptive axons (touch and body awareness)
• Enter spinal cord; ascend dorsally on the same side (white matter); synapse in nuclei in the base of the brain
• From the base of the brain, axons ascend the brain stem, cross, and synapse in the ventrolateral thalamus
• From the ventrolateral thalamus, most axons go to the somatosensory cortex

A

Features of somatosensory pathways to the brain (posterior tract)

45
Q

• Nociceptive axons (pain, temperature, itch)
• Synapse with neurons in the anterior part of the spinal cord’s gray matter
• Axons from the spinal neurons cross to the anterior part of the opposite side of the spinal cord and ascend to the ventrolateral thalamus
• From the ventrolateral thalamus, some of the neurons send axons to the somatosensory cortex

A

Features of somatosensory pathways to the brain (anterior tract)

46
Q

• Just behind the central fissure, adjacent to the primary motor cortex
• Receives projections from the thalamus
• Begins the process of constructing perceptions from somatosensory information
• Sends information to the secondary somatosensory cortex

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

47
Q

• Located behind the primary somatosensory cortex
• Refines the construction of perceptions
• Projects to the frontal cortex

A

Secondary somatosensory cortex

48
Q

• Composed of four representations of the body
• Each is associated with a certain class of sensory receptors
• Different “strips” of somatosensory cortex represent (from front to back)
• Muscles receptors (area 3a)
• Slow-responding skin receptors (area
3b)
• Rapidly adapting skin receptors (area 1)
• Deep tissue pressure and joint perception (area 2)

A

Features of somatosensory cortex

49
Q

• Perceptions are constructed by
combining elementary sensations
• The construction depends on a hierarchical organization, in that basic sensations combine to form more complex sensations

A

Features of somatosensory cortex

50
Q

• Impairs ability to make even simple discriminations and movements
• Sensory thresholds, proprioception, and hapsis

A

Effects of damage to the somatosensory cortex

51
Q

• Does not disrupt the plans for making movements
• Disrupts how the movements are performed
• Movements are fragmented and confused
• Produces apraxia
• The inability to complete a plan of action

A

Effects of damage to the secondary somatosensory cortex

52
Q

• Dorsal visual stream (how) projects to the secondary somatosensory cortex
• Somatosensory information is integrated with visual information to produce movements like grasping a cup

A

How Secondary somatosensory cortex makes a vital contribution to complex movements

NEUR/PSY 121 (14 decks)

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