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TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

chemical messenger, released by a neuron onto a target, causes an excitatory or inhibitory effect

A

Neurotransmitter

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2
Q

First step in neurotransmission

A

Synthesis

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3
Q

Second step in neurotransmission

A

Storage in vesicles

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4
Q

3rd step in neurotransmission

A

Release

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5
Q

4th step in neurotransmission

A

Receptor site action

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6
Q

5th step in neurotransmission

A

Inactivation

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7
Q

action potential, activation of voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels, INFLUX of Ca2+ into presynaptic terminal, Ca2+ complexes with other proteins, complex induces synaptic vesicles to fuse to the membrane and release contents

A

Release

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8
Q

Neurotransmitter is released from vesicles on presynaptic membrane, diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to specialized protein molecules embedded in the postsynaptic membrane, multiple things can happen, hyperpolarization, depolarization

A

Receptor site action

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9
Q

Diffusion, degradation by enzymes in the synaptic cleft, reuptake into the presynaptic terminal by membrane transporters, astrocyte uptake

A

Inactivation

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10
Q

5 classes of neurotransmitters

A

Small-molecule, peptide, lipid, gaseous, ion

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11
Q

Typically synthesized from dietary nutrients, synthesized in axon terminal, their level and activity can be influenced by diet, synthesized and packaged for use in axon terminals, following release, can quickly be replaced at presynaptic membrane, quick acting

A

Small-molecule transmitters

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12
Q

Small molecule, amino acid transmitters, used by many synapses, forebrain and cerebellum

A

Glutamate and GABA

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13
Q

GABA is formed from ___

A

modification of glutamate

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14
Q

GABA is __

A

Inhibitory

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15
Q

Glutamate is __

A

excitatory

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16
Q

Synthesized in cell body, transported to axon terminal, synthesis and transport are slow, action and replacement are not quick, numerous functions

A

Peptide Transmitters

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17
Q

What are the two major classes of receptor proteins

A

Ionotropic, Metabotropic

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18
Q

Two parts, binding site for neurotransmitter, a pore or channel opens, brings about rapid changes in membrane potential, usually excitatory

A

Ionotropic Receptors

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19
Q

Two parts, binding site for neurotransmitter, a G protein inside the cell is activated and coupled to the receptor protein

A

Metabotropic

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20
Q

Motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord send axons to skeletal muscles and synapse on them, ACh neurotransmitter, Nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChr), Ionotropic, excitatory

A

Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System

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21
Q

Rest and digest,
SPINAL CORD —> ACh—> Ganglia—>ACh—> Target Organ

A

Neurotransmission in the Autonomic NS
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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22
Q

Fight or Flight,
SPINAL CORD—>ACh—>Ganglia—>NE—>Target organ

A

Neurotransmission in the Autonomic NS
SYMPATHETIC

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23
Q

ACh in the parasympathetic division acts on organs in a way that produces ___

A

Calming

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24
Q

NE in the sympathetic division acts on organs in a way that produces ___

A

Arousal

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25
Q

___ excites digestive organs and inhibits other organs such as the heart

A

ACh

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26
Q

___ Excites the heart and inhibits other organs such as your digestive organs

A

NE

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27
Q

Neural pathway, cell bodies are clustered in a few brain stem nuclei, axons are widely distributed in the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord, coordinates activity of the brain and spinal cord, each uses ONE small-molecule transmitter

A

Activating Systems

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28
Q

Substances that alter mood, though, or behavior, are used to manage neuropsychological illness, may be taken recreationally, can act as toxins

A

Psychoactive Drugs

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29
Q

Most drugs that have psychoactive effects do so by ____

A

Influencing one of the steps in neurotransmission at a synapse

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30
Q

Agonists ____ muscles

A

Excite

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31
Q

Antagonists ___ muscles

A

Inhibit

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32
Q

Black Widow Venom affects what step in neurotransmission?

A

RELEASE

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33
Q

Is black widow venom an agonist or antagonist?

34
Q

Botulinum Toxin effects what step in neurotransmission?

35
Q

Is botulinum toxin an agonist or antagonist?

A

Antagonist

36
Q

Nicotine affects what step in neurotransmission?

A

Receptor interaction

37
Q

Is nicotine an agonist or antagonist?

38
Q

Curare effects what step in neurotransmission?

A

Receptor interaction

39
Q

Is Curare an agonist or antagonist?

A

Antagonist

40
Q

Physostigmine effects what step in neurotransmission?

A

Inactivation

41
Q

Is Physostigmine an agonist or antagonist?

42
Q

How does the authors classify psychoactive drugs?

A

On the basis of the neurotransmitter they are known to affect

43
Q

Low doses : reduce anxiety
Medium doses : sedate
High doses : anesthetize or induce coma
Very high doses : can kill

A

GABAergic drugs

44
Q

Small-molecule amino acid transmitter, the main inhibitory transmitter in forebrain and cerebellum, binding sites for GABA, alcohol, and benzodiazepines, Cl- channel, Ionotropic

A

GABA-A receptor

45
Q

Excitation of receptor, INFLUX of Cl- through its pore, hyperpolarization and decrease in neuronal firing rate, inhibitory, widespread reduction of neuronal firing underlies the behavioral effects of drugs that affect the ** synapse

46
Q

Class of chemicals, includes diazepam (valium), alprozolam (Xanax), and clonazepam (Klonopin), prescribed to reduce anxiety

A

Benzodiazepines (GABAergic)

47
Q

Drugs in this class include cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine

A

Dopaminergic

48
Q

Behavioral Stimulant, drug that increases motor behavior and elevated mood and alertness

A

Dopaminergic

49
Q

Some drugs in this class are used recreationally to alter perceptions of one’s surroundings
(mescaline (peyote), DMT, psilocybin, LSD, Ecstasy (MDMA))

A

Serotonergic

50
Q

Some drugs in this class are medically prescribed for the treatment of major depression

A

Serotonergic

51
Q

A mood disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, the disruption of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, a general slowing of behavior, and frequent thoughts of suicide.

A

Major Depression

52
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO Inhibitors)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
belong to what class?

A

Serotonergic

53
Q

Any endogenous or exogenous compound that binds to opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.
Drug with sleep-inducing (narcotic) and pain-relieving (analgesic) properties

A

Opioidergic or opioid

54
Q

Isolated from opium (morphine, codeine)
Altered from morphine (heroin, oxycodone)
Synthesized in the lab (fentanyl, methadone)

A

Opioidergic (opioid sources)

55
Q

These drugs are used for pain management and cough suppression

A

Opioidergic or opioids

56
Q

Dynorphins, enkephalins, endophins, endomorphins, and nociceptin are in what class of peptides?

A

Opioidergic

57
Q

Delta, kappa, mu, and nociceptin are in what class of receptors?

A

Opioidergic

58
Q

Morphine mimics the ______ that binds to the _____ receptors

A

Endomorphins ; Mu

59
Q

All ____ are potently addictive

60
Q

Compete with opioids for neuronal receptors, enter the brain quickly, long acting, used to treat overdose and addiction, Narcan

A

Antagonists at the opioid receptors

61
Q

Chemical messengers, released by glands, circulate in the bloodstream, affect distant targets in the body

62
Q

Hypothalamus, pituitary, glands, targets in the body, feedback to the brain

63
Q

_____ affect almost every neuron in the brain

64
Q

The targets of a hormone are so widespread that the best way to reach all of them is to travel in the bloodstream.
This is what?

A

Why the body uses hormones as messengers

65
Q

Replace the function of a gland that is removed or malfunctions, counteract the effects of aging, increase physical strength and endurance, gain advantage at sports.

This is an example of how hormones are used for what?

A

To treat or prevent disease

66
Q

What characterizes or controls brain development?

A

Chemical environment to which cells are exposed

67
Q

Develops in days 18-24, outermost layer of embryonic cells consists of primitive neural tissue, the tissue folds and closes to form the ____

A

Neural tube

68
Q

The neural tube matures into what open regions?

A

The brain’s ventricles and the spinal canal

69
Q

The cells that line the neural tube are known as the ____ of the central nervous system

70
Q

Neural stem cells line the neural tube, they give rise to the specialized cell types in the CNS , a neural stem cell becomes a specialized neuron via intermediate cell types, at each step the fate of the cell becomes more determined

A

Origins of specialized brain cells (neurons and glia)

71
Q

What is the first step in brain development?

A

Neurogenesis

72
Q

What is the second step in brain development?

A

Cell migration

73
Q

What is the third step in brain development?

A

Cell differentiation

74
Q

What is the 4th step in brain development?

A

Cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)

75
Q

What is the fifth step in brain development?

A

Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)

76
Q

What is the 6th step in brain development?

A

Cell death and synaptic pruning

77
Q

What is the 7th step in brain development?

A

Myelogenesis

78
Q

Cells from a given region of the subventricular zone follow the radial fiber to their assigned location, cortical layers develop from inside out

A

Neuronal migration

79
Q

Chemicals produced by local cells probably influence the way cells form layers

A

Neuronal differentiation

80
Q

Neurons grow dendrites to provide surface area for synapses with other cells, neurons extend their axons to targets to initiate synapse formation, target cells produce chemicals

A

Neuronal maturation

81
Q

During early development, neurons and synapses are over produced. Synapses survive only if they become members of functional neural networks. At peak loss, 100,000 synapses may be lost per second. Neurons deprived of these growth promoting factors express genes that result in cell death.

A

Cell death and synaptic pruning

82
Q

The protracted nature of language learning is what

A

An exception to the rule of cell death and synaptic pruning

NEUR/PSY 121 (14 decks)

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