test 3 Flashcards
Wetlands found in temperate regions characterized by the presence of sphagnum moss, typically nutrient poor and acidic, with few tree species (mostly tamarack
bog
Wetlands found in temperate regions that contain low-growing emergent plants such as cattails as well as shrubs and trees
swamps
Herbaceous plants that are characterized by coming up from new seed every year, blooming, setting seed, and then dying
annual
What herbaceous plants likely evolved as a result of the farming practices common in Europe at the time that settlers from Europe first arrived in North America?
biennials
The farming practice common in Europe at the time that settlers from Europe first arrived in North America that it is believed led to the evolution of the biennial is referred to as:
crop rotation
“Weeds” are defined as those plants that are typically characterized as:
thrive in disturbed areas and are prolific seed producers
Trees of the upland forest in the temperate deciduous region are typically characterized by:
long tap roots (go down)
Trees of the lowland forest in the temperate deciduous region are typically characterized by:
wide tap roots (go out not down)
Shrub Carr in the temperate deciduous region are typically characterized by:
swamp vegetation and shrubby plants
Animals tend to populate edge zones of natural biotic communities, why? What do we call this?
there is the most/best food, shelter, resources; edge effect
The predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community:
succession
Distinguish between Primary and Secondary Succession;
primary: lifeless area where soil has not formed, soil develops as rock weathers and decay from activity of early colonizers life algae and lichen
secondary: an existing community is cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact (ex: fire or farming)
what does succession produce ultimately
succession produces a climax community which is a permanent, self-sustaining community appropriate to the local area
what is a biome
A biome is a community of organisms determined by climate conditions and recognized by the characteristic structure of its dominant vegetation
Be able to identify the defining characteristics of epiphytes, lianas, deciduous, coniferous plants
what is an annual?
plants that sprout from seed each year, bloom, set seed, then die; 1 year life cycle
what is a biennial?
plants that sprout from seed during 1st growing season, come back from root stock in 2nd growing season where they bloom, set seed, die; 2 year life cycle
what is a perennial?
plants that die back to root every year but grow back from root stock (weeds are typically perennials)
what are the limiting factors for plant growth?
The “limiting factors” for plant growth are Nitrogen, potassium and Phosporous
If a plant species is introduced from outside it’s native habitat and outcompetes the native plants in that area it is typically referred to as:
invasive species
When an introduced species survives and reproduces in a new environment without impacting the general survival of native species it is most commonly referred to as being
naturalized
how to invasive species thrive in new environments?
Invasive species sometimes thrive in new environments because they encounter few, if any, natural predators, may be resistant to local disease, native prey may have little defense against an invasive predator, they may outcompete a native species for food and shelter, occupying a niche and pushing the native out. Of course an Introduced species might also fail to survive in the new environment and die off or survive alongside the native species with little impact.
How can we prevent the spread of invasive species?
what is comparative embryology?
The comparison of embryos at different stages in the development of different organisms may demonstrate similarities in embryonic development. This is referred to as comparative embryology and may suggest a common ancestry.
Compare natural selection to artificial selection
natural selection is when organisms adapt to their environment because to survive and produce more offspring
artificial selection is when humans breed favorable traits in species
Match the tree to the habitat for which it would be considered “diagnostic.”
A. red & jack pines
B. sugar maple
C. hickories
D. blue beech
E. beech
G. flowering dogwood
H. yellow birch
K. willows - shrub carr
L. alders - shrub carr M. oaks other than pin oak
N. poplars
P. dogwoods (not flowering) - shrub carr
Describe the function of four non-specific immune responses.
skin: best defense against infection, epidermal cells die and take potential invaders with it, oil,waxes, and sweat prevent penetration, lactic and fatty acids kill or inhibit growth of fungi and bacteria
mucous membranes: protein-rich fluid secreted by moist membranes - traps microorganisms, bactericidal enzymes digest the peptidoglycan cell wall of the bacteria, and protein capsule of viruses, killing them.
phagocytes: Initial response to antigens, absorb
and digest the pathogenic
antigens.
inflammation: mast cells at site of penetration, produce histamine, histamine causes redness and swelling, extra blood rushes to redness/swelling causing phagocytes to digest bacteria/dying body cells
Describe three types of vaccination and their relative advantage or disadvantage.
inactivated vaccine: cells are inactivated by heat or
chemical lysis, exposes patient to fragments of cell wall or particular toxins, promotes immune response w/o exposure to live cells
DISADVANTAGE: reduced ability to produce long lasting immune response
ADVANTAGE: more stable than activated vaccines
conjugate vaccine: cell wall of a bacterium is bonded to a protein
representing the antigen. ADVANTAGE: no threat of infection.
DISADVANTAGE: not as effective as others
recombinant vaccine: either live or inactivated vaccines, recombinant bacteria or viruses cannot reproduce
ADVANTAGE: usually no threat, more effective
prairie
climax community, succession is limited due to rainfall (10-35 in), bison primary herbivore, population no longer undergoing succession
northern coniferous forest/tiaga
largest biome, 2 layers of vegetation- forest floor and canopy, pine trees, 16-39 in of precipitation, spruce moose is primary herbivore, sphagnum moss, bog areas, acidic
tundra
cold temps, short growing season, permafrost causes poor drainage, flat terrain, grasses, sedges, low shrubs, creeping willows, mosses, lichens, mosquitos, caribou is primary herbivore, top predator is polar bear
temperate deciduous forest
tropical rainforest
temperate rainforest
desert
