test 3

Question 1

Wetlands found in temperate regions characterized by the presence of sphagnum moss, typically nutrient poor and acidic, with few tree species (mostly tamarack

Answer 1

bog

Question 2

Wetlands found in temperate regions that contain low-growing emergent plants such as cattails as well as shrubs and trees

Answer 2

swamps

Question 3

Herbaceous plants that are characterized by coming up from new seed every year, blooming, setting seed, and then dying

Answer 3

annual

Question 4

What herbaceous plants likely evolved as a result of the farming practices common in Europe at the time that settlers from Europe first arrived in North America?

Answer 4

biennials

Question 5

The farming practice common in Europe at the time that settlers from Europe first arrived in North America that it is believed led to the evolution of the biennial is referred to as:

Answer 5

crop rotation

Question 6

“Weeds” are defined as those plants that are typically characterized as:

Answer 6

thrive in disturbed areas and are prolific seed producers

Question 7

Trees of the upland forest in the temperate deciduous region are typically characterized by:

Answer 7

long tap roots (go down)

Question 8

Trees of the lowland forest in the temperate deciduous region are typically characterized by:

Answer 8

wide tap roots (go out not down)

Question 9

Shrub Carr in the temperate deciduous region are typically characterized by:

Answer 9

swamp vegetation and shrubby plants

Question 10

Animals tend to populate edge zones of natural biotic communities, why? What do we call this?

Answer 10

there is the most/best food, shelter, resources; edge effect

Question 11

The predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community:

Answer 11

succession

Question 12

Distinguish between Primary and Secondary Succession;

Answer 12

primary: lifeless area where soil has not formed, soil develops as rock weathers and decay from activity of early colonizers life algae and lichen

secondary: an existing community is cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact (ex: fire or farming)

Question 13

what does succession produce ultimately

Answer 13

succession produces a climax community which is a permanent, self-sustaining community appropriate to the local area

Question 14

what is a biome

Answer 14

A biome is a community of organisms determined by climate conditions and recognized by the characteristic structure of its dominant vegetation

Question 15

Be able to identify the defining characteristics of epiphytes, lianas, deciduous, coniferous plants

Question 16

what is an annual?

Answer 16

plants that sprout from seed each year, bloom, set seed, then die; 1 year life cycle

Question 17

what is a biennial?

Answer 17

plants that sprout from seed during 1st growing season, come back from root stock in 2nd growing season where they bloom, set seed, die; 2 year life cycle

Question 18

what is a perennial?

Answer 18

plants that die back to root every year but grow back from root stock (weeds are typically perennials)

Question 19

what are the limiting factors for plant growth?

Answer 19

The “limiting factors” for plant growth are Nitrogen, potassium and Phosporous

Question 20

If a plant species is introduced from outside it’s native habitat and outcompetes the native plants in that area it is typically referred to as:

Answer 20

invasive species

Question 21

When an introduced species survives and reproduces in a new environment without impacting the general survival of native species it is most commonly referred to as being

Answer 21

naturalized

Question 22

how to invasive species thrive in new environments?

Answer 22

Invasive species sometimes thrive in new environments because they encounter few, if any, natural predators, may be resistant to local disease, native prey may have little defense against an invasive predator, they may outcompete a native species for food and shelter, occupying a niche and pushing the native out. Of course an Introduced species might also fail to survive in the new environment and die off or survive alongside the native species with little impact.

Question 23

How can we prevent the spread of invasive species?

Question 24

what is comparative embryology?

Answer 24

The comparison of embryos at different stages in the development of different organisms may demonstrate similarities in embryonic development. This is referred to as comparative embryology and may suggest a common ancestry.

Question 25

Compare natural selection to artificial selection

Answer 25

natural selection is when organisms adapt to their environment because to survive and produce more offspring

artificial selection is when humans breed favorable traits in species

Question 26

Match the tree to the habitat for which it would be considered “diagnostic.”

Answer 26

A. red & jack pines
B. sugar maple
C. hickories
D. blue beech
E. beech
G. flowering dogwood
H. yellow birch
K. willows - shrub carr
L. alders - shrub carr M. oaks other than pin oak
N. poplars
P. dogwoods (not flowering) - shrub carr

Question 27

Describe the function of four non-specific immune responses.

Answer 27

skin: best defense against infection, epidermal cells die and take potential invaders with it, oil,waxes, and sweat prevent penetration, lactic and fatty acids kill or inhibit growth of fungi and bacteria
mucous membranes: protein-rich fluid secreted by moist membranes - traps microorganisms, bactericidal enzymes digest the peptidoglycan cell wall of the bacteria, and protein capsule of viruses, killing them.
phagocytes: Initial response to antigens, absorb
and digest the pathogenic
antigens.
inflammation: mast cells at site of penetration, produce histamine, histamine causes redness and swelling, extra blood rushes to redness/swelling causing phagocytes to digest bacteria/dying body cells

Question 28

Describe three types of vaccination and their relative advantage or disadvantage.

Answer 28

inactivated vaccine: cells are inactivated by heat or
chemical lysis, exposes patient to fragments of cell wall or particular toxins, promotes immune response w/o exposure to live cells
DISADVANTAGE: reduced ability to produce long lasting immune response
ADVANTAGE: more stable than activated vaccines

conjugate vaccine: cell wall of a bacterium is bonded to a protein
representing the antigen. ADVANTAGE: no threat of infection.
DISADVANTAGE: not as effective as others

recombinant vaccine: either live or inactivated vaccines, recombinant bacteria or viruses cannot reproduce
ADVANTAGE: usually no threat, more effective

Question 29

prairie

Answer 29

climax community, succession is limited due to rainfall (10-35 in), bison primary herbivore, population no longer undergoing succession

Question 30

northern coniferous forest/tiaga

Answer 30

largest biome, 2 layers of vegetation- forest floor and canopy, pine trees, 16-39 in of precipitation, spruce moose is primary herbivore, sphagnum moss, bog areas, acidic

Question 31

tundra

Answer 31

cold temps, short growing season, permafrost causes poor drainage, flat terrain, grasses, sedges, low shrubs, creeping willows, mosses, lichens, mosquitos, caribou is primary herbivore, top predator is polar bear

Question 32

temperate deciduous forest

Question 33

tropical rainforest

Question 34

temperate rainforest

Question 35

desert