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cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

According to our study, what is the most significant limitation to cell size?

A

SA:V, cells needs to be able to transport materials and waste in/out of cell membrane so it can’t be too small or too large

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2
Q

Parts of the cell membrane and function

A

phospholipid bilayer- regulating traffic in and out of cell

intrinsic proteins- movement of molecules and signals

extrinsic proteins - transport of molecules and receptors

cholestrol - holds things in place

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3
Q

Light microscope vs. electron microscope, consider function of each, distinction between the two, advantages and disadvantages.

A

light microscope you can see living things but only in visible light

electron microscope can see organism better but only if their dead

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4
Q

Parts of the prokaryotic cell and function

A

mesosome - aids in cellular respiration
capsule/sheath - prevents cell from dying
nucleoid - contains most/all of genetic material
chromataphore - infolding that contains chloroplasts - controls color of cell

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5
Q

Prokaryotes…

A

-lack a nucleus, and generally lack independent, membrane-bound organelles
-circular DNA with no associated histone proteins,
-produce proteins that begin with formylmethionine rather than methionine
-lack a cytoskeletal matrix (microtubules and microfilaments).

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6
Q

Prokaryotes have

A

no nucleus,
-mesosomes rather than mitochondria
-no double membrane-bound organelles
-chromatophore rather than chloroplasts
-cell wall composed of peptidoglycan rather than cellulose.

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7
Q

According to Rudolf Virchow’s assertions in the Cell Theory, what could not be true?

A

spontaneous generation

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8
Q

endocytosis vs. exocytosis

A

endo: enter
exo: exit

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9
Q

pincytosis vs. phagocytosis.

A

pincytosis: inward invagination / ingestion (infolding of membrane surrounds the thing)

phagocytosis: if flexible free membrane, there’s cytoplasm streaming and sends pseudopods (foot) to engulf something

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10
Q

Function of the nucleolus?

A

ribosome synthesis

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11
Q

Pores of the nuclear envelope prevent the movement of ___ through the envelope while allowing ___ to move freely out of the nucleus.

A

dna, rna

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12
Q

The site of cellular respiration in the eukaryotic cell

A

mitochondrian

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13
Q

Proteins that are to be transported from the cell are

A

synthesized on ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum which packages the proteins produced in a membrane, allowing the resulting vesicles to fuse with other membranes, including the cell membrane.

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14
Q

Plastids that are specialized for the storage of (sugars?) vs. those involved in photosynthesis.

A

chloroplasts: use color to attract pollinators

leukoplasts & amiloplasts: store sugars and provide smell to attract pollinators

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15
Q

Nuclear proteins and RNA pass into and from the nucleus by means of

A

nuclear pores

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16
Q

Chromatin vs. chromosomes.

A

chromatin - loose diffuse dna
chromosomes - supercoiled DNA forming compact units

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17
Q

Which eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles are believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells?

A

mitochondria and plastids

18
Q

typically, eukaryotic cells

A

-are larger than prokaryotic cells
-contain many membrane bound organelles
-contain linear dna with associated proteins
-posses membrane surrounded nucleus
-use cytoplasmic protein-fiber framework for internal support

19
Q

The energy produced by the mitochondrion is in the form of:

A

ATP

20
Q

Which sub-cellular organelles are among those belonging to the endomembrane system?

A

everything except mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, centrioles

21
Q

What organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells? Animal cells but not plant cells?

A

plant- chloroplasts
animal-

22
Q

what do centrioles form for cilia and flagella?

A

basal body

23
Q

Most of the negative charge inside of cells is attributable to what?

A

cellular proteins

24
Q

Associated with the cell membrane, these molecules act to transport materials through the membrane.

A

intrinsic/integral proteins

25
Q

The process by which energy is released in the mitochondrion.

A

cellular respiration

26
Q

Organelle composed of stacks of flattened cavities, functions in the modification of proteins for export.

A

golgi apparatus

27
Q

what may have Mitochondria and plastids originated as?

A

independent prokaryotes taken into an early eukaryote by endocytosis

28
Q

what may play a key role in providing stability to the plasma membrane?

A

cholesterol

29
Q

Microtubules and microfilaments

A

may serve to provide a scaffold or matrix within the cell holding organelles in place in an otherwise fluid cytoplasm.

30
Q

prokaryotic DNA is

A

naked and circular with very little associated protein

31
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s great contribution to the Cell Theory is that he…

A

observed living, single-celled organisms using a compound microscope.

32
Q

Robert Hooke observed the…

A

compartmentalization of tissue in a sample of cork and called the compartments cells.

33
Q

hooke contribution to cell theory

A

compartmentalization of tissue: cells

34
Q

van leeuwenhoek contributions to science

A

living single celled organism

35
Q

schleiden and schwann contribution to science

A

living composed of cells

36
Q

rudolf virchow contributions to science

A

cells come from preexisting cells
he rejects spontaneous generation

37
Q

what is resolving power?

A

ability to distinguish between 2 objects

higher resolving power=better distinguishing power

38
Q

what is fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipid bilayer had proteins floating
proteins typically don’t move because cholesterol in tails provides stability

39
Q

what does DNA supercoil on?

A

histoproteins

40
Q

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

prokaryotes have no nucleus eukaryotes have nucleus

41
Q

how is golgi apparatus created and what does it create

A

vesicles pinch off to form golgi apparatus

vesicles pinch off of golgi apparatus to create functional proteins

42
Q

where do mitochondria and plastids come from

A

Plastids and mitochondria may have evolved from prokaryotic symbionts living inside ancient eukaryotic cells.

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