Test 3 Flashcards
Baroque Era Timeline
1600-1750
What does “Baroque” mean?
Misshapen
4 main points of Baroque Music
- More Homophony
- Introduction of Opera
- Music to arouse emotions
- Major-Minor tonality
Opera is…
Large-Scale Musical Drama, hyper reality
What is Hyper Reality
Excessive and exaggerated reality.
Overture
Instrumental Introduction
Aria
Self-contained piece for one voice in which the soloist expresses emotion that may or may not drive the story forward.
Recitative
A Sing-song voice with no set rhythm, more causal like speaking but still singing
Libretto
The text used in oratorios, operas, and cantatas
Castratos
Boys who were castrated to be able to keep their high soprano voice. This caused their bones to be malformed and their rib cage to be abnormally large, providing almost inhuman note sustainability.
What was Bach most famous for?
His organ playing, and concertos
Bach’s Cantatas
The Lutheran Cantata was often related to the sermon of the week, his were typically 5-8 movements.
What is a Fugue?
A polyphonic piece using imitation to introduce instruments, creating a tonic-dominant relationship.
What all instrumentations did J.S. Bach do
Suites, Concertos, Sonatas, and Keyboard Music
Cantata 4 pieces of information
- Multi-movement
2.Vocal and instrumental - For the Lutheran Church
- Based on a Lutheran Chorale(Hymn)
What is Handel most famous for?
More worldly music, Operas, Oratorios, Very expressionistic in his artworks.
What languages did Handel compose oratorios in and why?
English, because they were less cheap than operas because they do not include sets, costumes, or staging.
Developments in instruments:
Violins by Stradivarius, Guarneri, and Amati
Suites
Short instrumental works that vary in character, usually in the same key.
Two types of Baroque Concertos:
Solo concerto, and Concerto Grosso
What is a Solo concerto
A concerto in which features a single solo instrument with the melody line, accompanied by an orchestra.
What is a Concerto Grosso
A concerto in which a group of solo instruments accompany an orchestra.
Concerto definition
A musical composition of instrument(s) with the melody accompanied by an orchestra.
Oratorio Definition
A large-scale musical work for orchestra and voices, typically religious, NO costumes, set, or staging.
What are the three movements a concerto usually consists of?
Allegro-Adagio-Allegro, or fast-slow-fast
What is “The Four Seasons”?
Four concertos based on poems, program music.
What is program music?
A type of instrumental music that attempts to musically render an extra-musical narrative.
What is a Ritornello
A recurring passage in Baroque music for orchestra or chorus.
What is an Episode
An element found in music that is a digression from the main structure of the composition. Something “Other”.
Two keyboard instruments:
Organ and Harpsichord
What were the two significant aspects of Keyboard Instruments.
- Suited for polyphonic music
- New level of refinement in Baroque era
What is the exposition in a fugue
The first section of a fugue, it ends when the subject has been presented in each voice once.
What is a subject in a fugue
The main reoccurring theme in a fugue
What is the answer in a fugue?
A second voice stating the subject with the subject transposed to another key
What is the counter-subject in a fugue?
Not every fugue has a counter-subject, it is a substantive figure that recurs immediately following the subject or answer.
What is inversion in a fugue?
Retains the rhythm and basic contour of the material, but flips it upside down.
What is retrograde in fugue?
Backwards
What is retrograde inversion in a fugue
Backwards and upside down
What is augmentation in a fugue?
Double the length of notes
What is diminution in fugue?
Note values halved
What were the three songs composed by Johann Sebastian Bach
Cantata 140, (“Wachet auf”) Mvt. 1: Chorale Fantasia
Cantata 140, (“Wachet auf”) Mvt. 4: Unison Chorale
Contrapunctus I from Art of Fugue
What song is composed by Henry Purcell
When I Am Laid in Earth from Dido and Aeneas
What 3 songs are composed by George Frederic Handel
Rejoice Greatly from Messiah
Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah
Water Music, Suite in D Major, Alla hornpipe
What 3 songs are composed by Antonio Vivaldi?
Concerto No. 1 “Spring” from the Four Seasons, Mvt. 1: Allegro
Concerto No. 1 Spring from the Four Seasons, Mvt. 2: Largo
Concerto No. 1 Spring from the Four Seasons, Mvt. 3: Allegro
What are significant factors of Cantata 140, (“Wachet auf”) Mvt. 1: Chorale Fantasia?
Orchestra introduction, 3 stacatto notes with 1 long note
What are significant factors of Cantata 140, (“Wachet auf”) Mvt. 4: Unison Chorale?
Long orchestra introduction, laid back and relaxed string music, low male singers enter awhile in.
What are significant factors in Contrapunctus I from Art of Fugue?
Wind instruments, trumpet, starting melody has a build up of note pitch.
What are the key factors in When I Am Laid in Earth from Dido and Aeneas
A solo opera is very emotional and dramatic, with no real rhythm, and recitative.
What are the key factors in Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah ?
All part choir, sang this in choir, polyphonic, sort of a fugue but not really.
What are the key factors in Water Music, Suite in D Major, Alla hornpipe
Very upbeat. Almost sounds like a royal announcement. Drums.
What are the key factors in Concerto No. 1 “Spring” from the Four Seasons, Mvt. 1: Allegro
Repetitive fast upbeat. 12212351
What are the key factors in Concerto No. 1 Spring from the Four Seasons, Mvt. 2: Largo
slower movement in this song, almost sounds like birds
What is the key factors in Concerto No. 1 Spring from the Four Seasons, Mvt. 3: Allegro?
Back to being fast, same repeating melody.
